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Ch 6 Lifeguarding Before Providing Care & Victim Assessment Lesson Objectives • Describe what precautions can be taken to prevent disease transmission when providing care. • Describe the general procedures for injury or sudden illness on land. • Demonstrate proper removal of disposable gloves. • Demonstrate an initial assessment. • Understand how to safely and effectively move a victim on land Before Providing Care • Infectious disease are spread from infected people and from animals, insects or objects that have been in contact with them. • Lifeguards must protect themselves and others from infectious diseases. Blood Borne Pathogens • Are bacteria and viruses present in blood and body fluids, which cause disease to humans. • Bacteria can live outside the body • Viruses are in the body and difficult to kill • Are spread through direct or indirect contact • The primary concern for professional rescuers are hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV Bacteria • Can be treated with antibiotics • Strep throat • Gonorrhea • Anthrax • Lyme disease Viruses • Few medications can fight viruses • The body’s immune system is number one protection against infection • Influenza • Chickenpox • Ebola Viruses Continued • Herpes • Hepatitis • HIV/AIDS Herpes • A highly contagious STD that is caused by two forms of herpes simplexes • Simplex 1-fever blisters/ cold sores in the mouth or lips • Simplex 2-blister-like lesions in the genital areas Hepatitis B • Is a liver infection • Can be severe or fatal • Can be in the body for up to 6 months before symptoms appear. • Sign and symptoms: flu-like, jaundice, fatigue, joint pain, nausea, loss of appetite • There is currently a vaccine (3 doses) must be made available to all employees who have occupational exposure, including LG’s Hepatitis C • Liver disease • Most common chronic bloodborne infection in the US • Signs & symptoms: similar to hbv, jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea • There is no vaccination and no treatment after exposure • It is the leading cause of liver transplants HIV • This virus causes AIDS • Attacks white blood cells, thus destroying the immune system • Signs & symptoms: many • No cure or vaccination Fact About AIDS • The disease: • Caused by HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infections that strike people whose immune systems are weakened by HIV are called opportunistic infections. • When a person has a significant drop in white blood cells they are diagnosed as having AIDS • AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Famous People Affected/ Died From HIV/AIDS • • • • • • • • • • Arthur Ashe Rock Hudson Liberache Freddy Mercury Anthony Perkins Robert Reed Eazy-E Greg Louganis Perry Ellis Magic Johnson How is the Disease Transmitted? • The virus enters three basic ways: • Through direct contact with the blood stream (blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk) • Through the mucous membrane linings (eyes, mouth, throat, rectum, vagina) • Mother to unborn baby How Pathogens Spread (pp 87-88) • 4 conditions must be met for a pathogen to spread: – A pathogen present – A sufficient quantity of the pathogen is present to cause disease – A person is susceptible to the pathogen – The pathogen passes through the correct entry site (eyes, mouth or other mucous membranes, non-intact skin or skin pierced by needlesticks, human bites, cuts, etc.) Direct contact • Occurs when infected blood or body fluids from one person’s enters another person’s body • Kissing • Touching • Sex • Blood splashing in the eye or from directly touching the body fluids. Indirect contact • Occurs when a person touches an object that contains the blood or body fluid • Coming in contact with something that has been touched by droplets of an infected person • Picking up blood-soaked bandages • Sneeze • Cough Hennessey Facts: ~Sneezes can travel at a speed of 100 miles per hour and the wet spray can radiate five feet. ~Donna Griffiths from Worcestershire, England sneezed for 978 days, sneezing once every minute at the beginning. This is the longest sneezing episode on record. Prevention • Your behavior can put you at risk for being infected with HIV, HBV/HCV • Sharing needles • Unprotected sex Universal/Standard Precautions • These precautions require that ALL human blood and substances be treated as if known to be infectious. • Make sure immunizations are up to date • Avoid touching body fluids • Wear disposable gloves & dispose of properly • Wash hands before and after care • Clean areas that come in contact with body fluids (water/bleach solution) Precautions continued (p.90) • Use a pocket mask when giving mouth-tomouth resuscitation • Don’t eat, drink, or touch your mouth, nose, or eyes when giving care • Be prepared by having first aid kit handy & stocked with protective equipment & supplies • Personal protective equipment: breathing barriers, nonlatex disposable gloves, gowns, masks, shields and protective eyewear. Pocket Masks Removing Latex Gloves Skill Assessment…Glove Removal (pp. 90-91 Fig.6-7) General Procedures for Injury or Sudden Illness on Land • 1. Size up the scene – Is scene safe? – Look for dangers (down power lines, traffic, explosions, etc) – Put on protective equipment – What happened? – # of victims – Additional help needed? (fire, police, EMS) General Procedures cont… • 2. Perform Initial Assessment – Is done to identify life-threatening conditions How to perform initial assessment • CHECK the victim for consciousness & obtain CONSENT if victim is conscious – Tap on shoulder, ask…are you ok? Pinch an infants toe – IF NO RESPONSE…Summon EMS • CHECK for signs of life (movement and breathing) – Look, listen, & feel • CHECK for a pulse – Carotid artery in neck (adult/child) – Brachial artery inside arm/bicep (infant) • CHECK severe bleeding General Procedures cont… • Summon EMS – 9-1-1 – Give conditions • Perform Secondary Assessment – Identifies additional conditions – May become life threatening if not cared for Demonstrate & Practice Performing Initial Assessment Pages 95-96 Demonstrate & Practice Emergency Moves (pp. 98-100) • Two-person seat carry • Walking assist • Pack-strap carry