Download Immunodeficiency Diseases

Chapter 40 Lecture Notes (Graphic Organizer)
Directions: Write down only the words
in orange on your graphic organizer.
1 The Germ Theory of Disease
In the mid-nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur and
Robert Koch concluded that infectious diseases
were caused by germs.
This idea is now known as the germ theory of
disease.
2 Diseases are caused by pathogens.
A disease is any change, other than an injury, that
disrupts the normal functions of the body.
Disease-causing agents are called pathogens.
3 Diseases Are Spread by
– coughing
– sneezing
– physical contact
– contaminated water or food
– infected animals
4 Agents of Disease
Diseases are caused by Pathogens
they include:
• viruses
• bacteria
• protists
• worms
• fungi
5 Viruses –
are tiny particles that attach to a cell’s
surface, insert their DNA or RNA, and take over cell.
Bacteria –
Most bacteria are harmless to humans.
Bacteria that cause disease either:
• break down tissues of the organism for food, or
• release toxins that harm the body.
6 Viruses –
a tiny piece of protein & DNA/RNA
7 Bacteria
Most bacteria are harmless to humans.
Bacteria that cause disease either:
• eat tissue or release toxins (poisons) that
harm the body.
8 Bacteria
Can be killed by antibiotics
Bacteria that cause disease either:
• break down tissues of the organism for food, or
• release toxins that harm the body.
9 Pathogens are destroyed by the body’s
immune system.
The immune system recognizes, attacks,
destroys, and “remembers” each type of
pathogen that enters the body.
10 The body’s immune system attacks
and “remembers” each pathogen that
enters the body.
11 The immune system has two
defense mechanisms against
infection:
nonspecific
specific
12 First Line of Defense
a.The first line of defense keeps pathogens
out of the body.
This role is carried out by skin, mucus, sweat, and
tears.
Your skin is your most important
non-specific defense.
13 Specific Defenses
If a pathogen gets past the non-specific defenses,
the immune system reacts with a series of specific
defenses.
When activated by a pathogen it’s called an
immune response.
Any substance, such as a virus or bacterium, that
triggers this response is known as an antigen.
14 An immune response is triggered by a
part of the pathogen know as an antigen
15 Antigens are recognized by the
body’s:
T lymphocytes (T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
16 The cells of the immune system
that remember specific antigens are:
a. B lymphocytes (B cells) –
remember the pathogen “memory
cells”
17 The cells of the immune system
that recognize specific antigens are:
a.T lymphocytes (T cells) – recognize
and fight off the pathogen
18 If a pathogen enters the body it
makes an inflammatory response.
The inflammatory response is a
non-specific defense reaction to
tissue damage caused by injury or
infection.
19 The immune system releases chemicals
that increase the core body temperature,
causing a fever.
This high temperature slows or stops the
growth of pathogens. It also increases heart
rate so white blood cells get to the site of
infection faster.
20 The immune system releases chemicals
that increase the core body temperature,
causing a fever.
This high temperature slows or stops the
growth of pathogens. It also increases heart
rate so white blood cells get to the site of
infection faster.
21 There are three different types of immune
system disorders:
a. allergies
b. autoimmune diseases
c. immunodeficiency diseases
22 There are three different types of immune
system disorders:
a. allergies
Allergi
es
23 Allergies
a. An overreaction to a common antigen.
b. Common allergies include pollen, dust,
mold, and bee stings.
24 What is an autoimmune disease?
When the immune system attacks the body's
own cells.
25 What is an autoimmune disease?
When the body attacks itself.
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
a. Type I diabetes attacks insulin-producing cells.
b. Rheumatoid arthritis attacks connective tissues
around joints.
c. Multiple sclerosis (MS) destroys functions of brain
and spinal cord neurons.
26 Immunodeficiency Diseases
a. An immunodeficiency disease is one in which a
person has a weakened immune response.
b. In one type of immunodeficiency disease, the
immune system fails to develop normally.
c. A second type of immunodeficiency disease is
AIDS.
27 Immunodeficiency Diseases
a. An immunodeficiency disease is one in which a
person has a weakened immune response.
b. In one type of immunodeficiency disease, the
immune system fails to develop normally.
c. A second type of immunodeficiency disease is
AIDS.
28 Immunodeficiency Diseases
a. An immunodeficiency disease can be caused
by the HIV virus. This can lead to the
immunodeficiency disease called AIDS.
AIDS
29 HIV attacks and destroys “helper”
T-cells.
As the number of helper T cells decreases,
the body becomes more susceptible to other
diseases.
AIDS
Preventing HIV Infection
a. HIV is NOT transmitted through casual
contact.
a. The only no-risk behavior with respect to
HIV and AIDS is abstinence.
AIDS
Can AIDS Be Cured?
a. At present, there is no cure for AIDS.
b. The virus can be controlled by expensive
multidrug and multivitamin “cocktails” that fight the
virus.
40-1
Pasteur and Koch concluded that infectious
diseases were caused by
a. plants.
b. germs.
c. animals.
d. fungi.
40-1
Antibiotics kill
a. bacteria only.
b. viruses only.
c. both bacteria and viruses.
d. both bacteria and protists.
40–2
A fever is an example of the body's
a. nonspecific defenses.
b. specific defenses.
c. active immunity.
d. humoral immunity.
40–2
The most important nonspecific defense your
body has against disease is
a. inflammation.
b. cilia and mucus in the nose and throat.
c. the skin.
d. saliva.
40–2
Injection of a weakened or mild form of a
pathogen to produce immunity is known as a(an)
a. antibody.
b. vaccination.
c. antigen.
d. antibiotic.
40-3
An example of an autoimmune disease is
a. polio.
b. Type I Diabetes.
c. asthma.
d. smallpox.
40-3
The retrovirus HIV causes
a. AIDS.
b. myasthenia gravis.
c. asthma.
d. polio.
40-3
The principle targets of the HIV virus are the
body’s
a. red blood cells.
b. helper T cells.
c. connective tissue in the joints.
d. B cells.