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Download Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis What Is It? • Bacterial infection • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also called tubercle bacillus) • Damages a persons lungs or other parts of the body • Fatal if not treated properly Transmission • Spreads through the air when a person with active TB – – – – – – Coughs Speaks Laughs Sneezes Sings Another person breathes in the bacteria and becomes infected Inside the Body • Breath in infected air and bacilli go to lungs through bronchioles • Bacilli infect alveoli • Macrophages attack bacteria, but some survive • Infected macrophages separate and form tubercles • Dead cells form granulomas Active vs. Latent Infection • Unhealthy person – Bacilli overwhelm immune system – Bacilli break out of tubercles in alveoli and spread through bloodstream – This is ≥active≤ TB • Healthy person – Initial infection controlled by immune system – Bacilli remain confined in tubercles for years – This is ≥latent≤ TB Symptoms • • • • • • • • • Perpetual Cough Fever Weight loss Night sweats Loss of appetite Fatigue Swollen glands Chills Pain while breathing Diagnosis • Skin test- Mantoux test • PPD injected in forearm and examined 2-3 days later • Red welt around injection indicates infection • Examine medical history, x-rays, and sputum Most Susceptible • People at higher risk of TB infection – – – – – – – Close contacts with people with infectious TB People born in areas where TB is common People with poor access to health care People who inject illicit drugs People who live or work in residential facilities Health care professionals The elderly Most Susceptible • People at higher risk of active TB disease – People with weak immune systems (especially those with HIV or AIDS) – People with diabetes or silicosis – People infected within the last 2 years – People with chest x-rays that show previous TB disease – Illicit drug and alcohol abusers Treatments • Take antibiotics for 6-12 months • Preventative drug to destroy dormant bacteria • For active TB, 4 medications: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide • Vaccines (relatively ineffective today) Biological Effects on Humans • Causes more deaths than any other infectious disease • About 2 billion people infected worldwide • Major health problem in developing countries • Leading killer of youth and young adults • Leading cause of death for women of childbearing age