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Chapter 13
Circulation and Immunity
I. Blood
A.
Functions of the Blood
1. Blood carries O2 from your lungs to your
cells and CO2 from your cells to your lungs.
2. Blood carries waste products from your
cells to your kidneys.
3. Blood transports nutrients and other
substances to your cells.
4. Cells and molecules in your blood fight
infections and help heal wounds.
B.
Parts of Blood
1. Plasma – liquid part of blood made
mostly of water
a) Nutrients, minerals, & oxygen are
dissolved in plasma so they can be
carried to your cells. Waste from the
cells are carried in plasma.
2. Red Blood Cells
a) hemoglobin – molecule that
carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
3. White Blood Cells (WBC)
a) fight bacteria, viruses, and other
invaders of your body
4. Platelets – irregularly shaped cell
fragments that help clot blood
C.
Blood Types
1. ABO Identification System
a) Blood types A, B, and AB have
antigens on their red blood cells
Blood Transfusion Possibilities
Type
Can Receive
Can Donate To
A
A&O
A & AB
B
B&O
B & AB
AB
All
AB
O
O
All
2. The Rh Factor
a) Only Rh – can receive Rh – blood
D.
Diseases of the Blood
1. Hemophilia – plasma in the blood
lacks a clotting factor
2. Anemia – the body cells cannot get
enough oxygen to carry out functions
(Sickle Cell Anemia)
3. Leukemia – one or more types of
white blood cells are made in excessive
numbers
II. Circulation
A.
The Heart ( 4 parts)
1. Atriums – the 2 upper chambers of
heart
2. Ventricles – the 2 lower chambers of
heart
3. Blood flows to an atrium to a ventricle
then to a blood vessel
B.
Types of Circulation
1. Coronary Circulation – the flow of
blood to and from tissues of the heart
2. Pulmonary Circulation – the flow
of blood through the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart
3. Systemic Circulation – oxygen rich
blood flows from the heart to the rest of
your body and carbon dioxide rich blood
flows from the rest of your body to your
heart
C.
Blood Vessels
1. Arteries – carry blood away from heart
2. Veins – carry blood back to the heart
3. Capillaries – connect veins and
arteries
D.
Blood Pressure
1. Blood Pressure – the force of the
blood on the walls of blood vessels
E.
Cardiovascular Diseases
-Heart Disease is the leading cause of
death in humans.
1. Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits
build up on arterial walls
2. Hypertension – high blood pressure
3. Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
a) regular checkups, healthful diet,
exercise, no smoking
F.
Functions of the Lymphatic System
-collects and returns excess water and
substances to the blood
1. Lymph – after fluid diffuses into
lymphatic capillaries
a) Lymphocytes – white blood cells
inside lymph that help your body defend
against disease-causing organisms
b) Lymph nodes – bean shaped
organs that filter out small organisms
that have been taken by lymphocytes
III. Immunity
A.
Lines of Defense
1. First Line Defenses
a) Skin
-perspiration contains substances
that slow pathogen growth
-skin’s oil glands and perspiration
are acidic
b) Respiratory System
-Traps pathogens with hairlike
structures called cilia
-Mucus weakens cell walls of
some pathogens
-Coughing and sneezing
c) Digestive System
-saliva
-enzymes in stomach, pancreas,
& liver destroy some pathogens
-hydrochloric acid in stomach
-mucus prevents pathogens from
binding to inner lining of digestive
organs
2. White Blood Cells
a) WBC patrol your body and digest
foreign invaders
3. Inflammation
4. Specific Immunity
a) antigens – molecules in your body
that don’t belong there. Can be
separate molecules or found on
pathogens
b) antibody – protein made for a
specific antigen. It attaches to an
antigen and makes it useless.
5. Memory B Cells
a) remain in the blood to defend
against an invasion by the same
pathogen at another time
6. Active Immunity and Passive Immunity
a) Active Immunity – your body makes
its own antibodies in response to an
antigen
b) Passive Immunity – antigens from
another animal’s body is introduced into
your body
7. Vaccination
a) Vaccine – a form of an antigen
that gives you active immunity
b) can prevent a disease but cannot
cure it
IV. Diseases
A.
Disease in History
1. Discovering Disease Organisms
a) Louis Pasteur realized that
microorganisms spoiled wine and milk.
He thought they also caused disease.
b) Pasteurization – process of
heating liquid to a temperature high
enough to kill most bacteria
2. Disease Organism (Pathogens)
Pathogen
Diseases
Bacteria
Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Strep
Throat
Protist
Malaria, Sleeping Sickness
Fungi
Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm
Virus
Colds, Influenza, AIDS,
Measles
B.
Infectious Diseases
-infectious disease – a disease caused
by virus, bacteria, fungi, or protist, and is
spread from an infected organism or the
environment to another organism
-Vectors are things that spread disease.
They include rats, birds, dogs, cats,
mosquitoes, fleas, flies, and humans
C.
HIV and Your Immune System
-HIV – human imunodeficiency virus
1. AIDS
a) Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
b) Attacks the body’s immune system
c) Has no cure at this point in time.
D.
Fighting Disease
1. Ways to fight and prevent disease
a) Wash wounds with antiseptic and
cover them with bandages.
b) Wash body.
c) Brush and floss teeth.
d) Exercise.
e) Good Nutrition
f) Get enough sleep
g) Get recommended immunizations
h) Get annual checkups
F.
Chronic Diseases
-noninfectious diseases – diseases that
cannot spread from person to person
-many noninfectious diseases are chronic –
lasting a long time
1. Allergies – overly strong reactions of
the immune system to a foreign substance
a) Allergens – substances that cause an
allergic response
2. Diabetes – a chronic disease
associated with levels of inslin produced
by pancreas
-Type I – too little or no insulin
production
-Type II – your body cannot properly
process insulin
-Symptoms: fatigue, excessive thirst,
frequent urination, tingling in hands
and feet
F.
Cancer
1. Causes
a) Smoking
b) Carcinogens – asbestos, various
solvents, heavy metals, alcohol, home
& garden chemicals
c) Exposure to X-rays, nuclear
radiation, ultraviolet light from Sun
2. Prevention
a) Know Early Warning Signs
-changes in bowel or bladder habits
-a sore that does not heal
-unusual bleeding or discharge
-thickening lumps
-indigestion or difficulty swallowing
-obvious change in wart or mole
-nagging cough or hoarseness
b) Good lifestyle choices
-no alcohol or tobacco use
-eating healthy diet
-use sunscreen
-careful handling of chemicals