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CHAPTER 10
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Structure and Function
• Functions of the cardiovascular system
– Transports nutrients and oxygen to the
body
– Transports waste products from the cells to
the kidneys for excretion
– Distributes hormones and antibodies
throughout the body
– Helps control body temperature and
maintain electrolyte balance
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Heart
•
•
•
•
Two-sided, double pump
Weighs less than a pound
Little bigger than a fist
Located between the lungs in the
thoracic cavity
• Positioned partially to the left of the
sternum
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Figure 10-2A Structures of
the Heart
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Tissue Layers of the Heart
• Endocardium
– Smooth layer of cells lining the inside of the heart
and forming the valves
• Myocardium
– The thickest layer, consisting of muscle tissue
• Pericardium
– Double membrane that covers the outside of the
heart, providing lubrication between the heart and
surrounding structures to prevent tissue damage
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Blood Vessels
• Arteries
– Carry blood away from the heart
• Veins
– Carry blood back to the heart
• Capillaries
– Microscopic vessels that carry blood
between the arterial and venous vessels
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Figure 10-4 Blood Vessels
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Assessment Techniques
•
•
•
•
Measuring pulse and blood pressure
Listening to heart sounds
Determining cardiac output
Measuring muscle activity with
electrocardiography
• Inserting a cardiac catheter
• Using echocardiography
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Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System
• Aneurysm
– An area of a blood vessel that bulges because of a
weakness in the wall
• Atherosclerosis
– A narrowing of blood vessels caused by deposits
of fatty material containing calcium and
cholesterol
• Cardiac arrhythmia
– A disturbance of the heart’s rhythm caused by a
defect in the heart’s pacemaker cells or by
damage to heart tissue
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Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System (continued)
• Cardiovascular disease
– A general term for the combined effects of
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and related
conditions called coronary artery disease
• Congenital heart disease
– A group of disorders that affect about 25,000
newborns each year in the united states
• Congestive heart failure
– The inability of the heart to pump blood
adequately to meet the body’s needs
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System (continued)
• Hypertension
– High blood pressure
• Myocardial infarction
– Known as a heart attack
• Phlebitis
– An inflammation of a vein, often with formation of
a clot
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
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Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System (continued)
• Rheumatic heart disease
– A condition in which the heart muscle and valves
are damaged by a recurrent bacterial infection
that usually begins in the throat
• Varicose veins
– A condition in which veins become enlarged and
ineffective
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Issues and Innovations
• Heart replacement
– First artificial heart, Jarvik-7
– AbioCor self-contained artificial heart
– Heart transplants
• Cholesterol controversy
– LDL vs. HDL
– Ways to avoid high cholesterol
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.