Download The Cardiovascular System h

The Cardiovascular System
The major organs of the cardiovascular system
The heart structure and function
After today you should be able to:
For more help: Chapter13 pp. 329364
1. Name the organs of the cardiovascular
system and discuss their functions.
2. Name and describe the locations and
functions of the major parts of the heart.
3. Trace the pathway of the blood
through the heart and the vessels of the
coronary circulation.
Major organs of the
cardiovascular system
• The heart
• Arteries – strong elastic
vessels that carry blood away from the
heart.
• A common misconception is that all arteries
carry oxygen-rich blood.
Major organs of the
cardiovascular system
• Capillaries: Arteries/arterioles branch into
capillaries.
– They are extremely narrow, microscopic tubes with
a wall that is only comprised of epithelium.
• Veins- carry blood back to the atria of the
heart following pathways that are almost
parallel to the arteries.
The Heart
Did you know…
In the course of a lifetime, a human
heart can beat over two billion times.
• Composed of cardiac muscle tissue
(myocardium)
• Surrounded by a pericardium (thick
membranous sack that supports and protects
the heart)
• Is a cone shaped, muscular organ located
medially between the lungs and deep to the
breastbone (sternum).
The Heart
• The heart is divided into four chambers:
– The LEFT and RIGHT ATRIA
– The LEFT and RIGHT VENTRICLES
• There are four distinct valves.
• The valves actually create the beating
sound of the heart.
The Heart: Right side
• Takes in deoxygenated (oxygen poor
blood) from the body to the heart.
• Begins with the Vena Cavas.
Superior Vena Cava
vein bringing de-oxygenated blood from the
upper body to the heart and empties into the
right atrium.
Inferior Vena Cava
• vein bringing de-oxygenated
blood from the lower body to
the right atrium of the heart.
What is meant by
de-oxygenated
blood?
Why is the blood
de-oxygenated?
Why is the blood de-oxygenated?
• De-oxygenated
blood = oxygen
poor or has less O2
than CO2
• The oxygen that
diffused from the
alveoli into the
blood gets delivered
to the cells of the
body.
• Inside the cell, the
mitochondria uses
the O2 for cellular
respiration.
• During cell
respiration, the O2
binds to a carbon,
and is now CO2.
• CO2 diffuses into the
blood stream and
flows back to the
heart.
Right Atrium
• receives deoxygenated blood
from the body
through the
superior vena
cava and inferior
vena cava .
Tricuspid Valve
• separates the right atrium
from the right ventricle.
• It opens to allow the deoxygenated blood from the
right atrium to flow into the
right ventricle and prevents
blood from returning to the
right atrium.
Right Ventricle
• receives de-oxygenated
blood from the right
atrium and pushes it next
through the pulmonary
valve.
Pulmonary Valve
• separates the right ventricle
from the pulmonary artery.
• Allows blood to flow from the
Right ventricle to the
pulmonary arteries.
Pulmonary Artery
• is the vessel
transporting deoxygenated blood
from the right
ventricle to the
lungs.
Summarize what we know so far:
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1.Where does deoxygenated blood originate
from?
2.Where in the heart does the deoxygenated
blood enter first?
3.Where does the deoxygenated blood go next?
4.What two valves are on the right side of the
heart? What are the roles of these 2 valves?
5.Where does blood exit and go to from the
right side of the heart?
–Is it de-oxygenated (oxygen poor) or oxygenated
(oxygen rich)?
STOP!
•Label the right side
of the heart only on
the heart diagram.
The Heart: Left side
• Brings oxygenated (oxygen rich blood)
from the lungs to the heart.
• Begins with the Pulmonary Vein.
Pulmonary Vein
• is the vessel transporting
oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs to the left
atrium.
Left Atrium
• receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs from the
pulmonary vein
Bicuspid Value
• separates the left atrium from
the left ventricle.
• It opens to allow the oxygenated
blood to flow into the left
ventricle and prevents it from
flowing back.
Left Ventricle
• receives oxygenated blood
as the left atrium contracts
and the bicuspid valve
opens.
Aortic Valve
• separates the left ventricle
from the aorta.
• As the ventricles contract, it
opens to allow the
oxygenated blood collected
in the left ventricle to flow
throughout the body and
prevents it from going back
to the heart.
Aorta
• is the largest single blood
vessel in the body.
• This vessel carries oxygenrich blood from the left
ventricle to the various parts
of the body.
Summarize what we know so far:
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1.Where does oxygenated blood originate
from?
2.Where in the heart does the oxygenated
blood enter first?
3.Where does the oxygenated blood go next?
4.What two valves are on the left side of the
heart? What are the roles of these 2 valves?
5.Where does blood exit and go to from the left
side of the heart?
–Is it de-oxygenated (oxygen poor) or oxygenated
(oxygen rich)?
Papillary Muscles
• Papillary muscles: attach to
the lower portion of the interior
wall of the ventricles.
• They connect to the chordae
tendineae on the valves,
• The contraction of the papillary
muscles opens the valves.
When the papillary muscles
relax, the valves close.
Papillary Muscles
Chordae Tendineae
• Chordae tendineae are tendons linking the papillary
muscles to the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle and
the mitral valve in the left ventricle.
• The chordae tendineae are string-like in appearance
and are sometimes referred to as "heart strings."
Ventricular Septum
• Ventricular
Septum:
wall separating the
lower chambers (the
ventricles) of the
heart from one
another.
The Heart
The Heart
Blood flow through the body
Heart Activities:
1.Finish cardiovascular diagram
2.Complete organ chart.
3.Create Heart Foldable
4.Vocab Index Card Blood flow
order activity
Electrical Conduction Pathway:
Be Still My
Beating Heart
The Lub-Dub…
• Heartbeat is the sound
you hear when the
valves of the heart
close.
• Each heartbeat is
called a cardiac cycle.
• Controlled by the
electrical conduction
pathway
• First the Atria
contract at the same
time sending the
blood to the
ventricles.
• Then the ventricles
contract at the same
time sending blood to
the pulmonary artery
or the aorta.
• http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=v3bYhZmQu8
The Lub-Dub…
• Systole is the working
phase of the heart –
when the chambers
contract.
• Diastole is the
relaxing phase of the
heart – when the
chambers are resting.
The Lub-Dub…
• Lub – is the sound
you hear when the
blood pressure
increases in the
ventricles forcing the
tricuspid and bicuspid
valves to slam shut
but causing the
pulmonary and aortic
valves to open.
• Dup – the relaxation of
the ventricles causes
blood to flow backward
momentarily and the
pulmonary and aortic
valves close.
Murmurs…
• Swishing sound after the
lub
• Leaky valves allows blood
to flow back into the
atrias.
• The two types of heart
murmurs are innocent
(harmless) and abnormal.
Murmurs…
• Innocent murmurs are
simply sounds made by
blood flowing through
the heart's chambers
and valves, or through
blood vessels near the
heart.
• Congenital heart defects
or acquired heart valve
disease often are the
cause of abnormal heart
murmurs.
Electrical Conduction Pathway:
Be Still My
Beating Heart
Sinoatrial Node (often called the
SA node or sinus node)
• serves as the natural
pacemaker for the heart.
• Nestled in the upper
area of the right atrium, it
sends the electrical
impulse that triggers
each heartbeat.
• The impulse spreads
through the atria,
coordinated wave-like
manner.
Atrioventricular node (or AV
node)
• The impulse that
originates from the SA
node strikes AV node
• situated in the lower
portion of the right
atrium.
• The AV node in turn
sends an impulse
through the nerve
network to the ventricles
to contract.
Right and Left Bundle Branches.
• electrical network
serving the upper
ventricles
• These nerve
fibers send
impulses that
cause the cardiac
muscle tissue to
contract.
Purkinje Fibers
• electrical network
serving the lower
ventricles
• These nerve fibers
send impulses that
cause the cardiac
muscle tissue to
contract.
Electrical Conduction Pathway:
Electrical Conduction Pathway:
• The SA Node  to the AV Node 
to the left and right Bundle Branches
- to the Purkinje Fibers = THE
HEART BEAT and CONTRACTIONS
BLOOD PRESSURE
The force blood exerts again the inner walls of the
vessels
Arterial Blood Pressure
 Rises and falls in a pattern corresponding to the phases of the
cardiac cycle.
 Contracting ventricles (ventricular systole) squeeze blood
out and into the arteries – increases pressure in these vessels
 This is called systolic pressure – the maximum pressure
Systemic Blood Pressure
during contraction.
 This value is usually
around 120mmHg
Arterial Blood Pressure
 When ventricles relax (ventricular diastole) , arterial
pressure drops
 The lowest pressure that remains is called diastolic pressure.
 This value is usually
Systemic Blood Pressure
around 80mmHg
Arterial Blood pressure
 As blood rushes into the arterial system, the elastic walls




distend
Pressure begins to drop almost immediately as contraction
ends
Arterial walls will then recoil
The expansion and recoiling is felt as a pulse.
You commonly use the radial artery to feel your pulse.
 Other pulse points – carotid, brachial, and femoral arteries
What influences arterial pressure?
 Cardiac output – the volume discharged from the
ventricle per minute; the volume of blood discharged from
the ventricle with each contraction is called the stroke
volume.
 determined by how much blood is in the ventricles
 Calculation:
 Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
 Calculate if the stroke volume is 70 mL and the heart rate is 72
bpm.
 Answer: 5,040 mL/min
What influences arterial pressure?
 Blood volume = the sum of the formed elements and plasma
volumes in the vascular system.
 5L for adults or 8% of your body weight in Kg
 Depends on age, body size, and gender
 BLOOD PRESSURE IS directly proportional to blood volume
 Changes in blood volume change blood pressure
 Hemorrage – loss of blood = blood pressure drops
 Blood transfusion – increase in blood = blood pressure may return to
normal
 Lack of water (dehydration) – fluid imbalance = blood pressure drops
– can be reestablished with fluid replacement
What influences arterial pressure?
 Peripheral resistance = friction between the walls of blood
vessels; a force
 Hinders blood flow
 Pressure must overcome this force if blood is to continue flowing
 Factors that alter the peripheral resistance affect blood pressure
 Contracting vessels – increase resistance by backing up blood in the
arteries, thus increase pressure
 Dilating vessels – decrease in peripheral resistance, thus a decrease in
pressure
What influences arterial pressure?
 Blood viscosity = the ease at which the molecules of fluid
flow past one another
 The greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance, thus
increased pressure
 The lesser the viscosity, the resistance is lessened and thus
decreased pressure
 Blood cells and plasma increase blood viscosity
Control of BP
 BP= CO x PR
 BP= blood pressure
 CO = cardiac output
 PR= peripheral resistance
 Blood entering the ventricles stretches the myocardial fibers in the
ventricular wall
 More blood = more stretch = greater force with which they contract
 Less blood = less stretch = less force with which they contract
 Therefore, the volume of blood discharged is equal to the volume of blood
entering into the chambers
 Baroreceptors – neurons that sense changes in blood pressure
Find a book! Check it!
 Pg. 361 - 363
 Find the paragraph that begins with Baroreceptors
 Using the information within the following paragraphs, create flow
charts of how blood pressure is controlled through homeostasis.
 Can you identify the stimulus? The receptors? The control center? The
effectors? What is the final response?
 Use 13.26 as an example.You do not need to copy this one, however,
you never know what you will be tested on.
 Arterial pressure increases
 Arterial pressure decreases
 Peripheral resistance increases
 Peripheral resistance decreases
 Venous blood flow
How does CO2, O2, and H+ affect peripheral
resistance? Would this be a stimulus?
BLOOD
• Blood is a mixture of
Cells and Plasma
• The heart pumps
blood through arteries
• Blood carries oxygen
to the body and
wastes away from the
body.
Blood Cells:
Contains 3 types of Cells:
• RED BLOOD
CELLS
• WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
• PLATELETS
Blood Cells: Identify the components:
Red blood
cells
platelets
white blood cell
plasma
Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes
• Biconcave discs that allows it to transport gases
• Hemoglobin binded to oxygen gives it the red
color.
• RBC count for adults is: 4-6 million cells per
mm3
• 120 day life span
• Made in the bone
marrow
White Blood Cells: Leukocytes
• Protect against disease
• Part of the Immune system
• Twice the size of red blood
cells.
• WBC count: 4-10 thousand
During an infection this
number increases rapidly.
After the infection goes back
to normal.
Platelets: Thrombocytes
• Only fragments of cells (not full cells).
• Their main function is in blood clotting.
• Ten day life span
• VERY SMALL!
• Platelet cell count:
100 thousand
Plasma:
• Clear yellowish fluid
• Milky color when diet has a
lot of lipids and fats.
• 90% is made of water
• 10% salts, minerals and
nutrients dissolved in the
plasma needed by your cells.
• Also contains, CO2, waste
material, hormones, proteins,
and sugars
• Transports the cells.
Blood Typing:
• Four main types of blood:
__A__
__B__
__AB__
__O__
• Different proteins found on the RBC and
determine the blood type.
• You can also be Negative or Positive
• Blood type is a Genetic Factor.
Blood Type is Genetic:
• Each of us has two ABO blood
type alleles, because we each
inherit one blood type allele from
our biological mother and one
from our biological father.
• A description of the pair of alleles
in our DNA is called the genotype.
Blood Type is Genetic and the Rh Factor!
• A and B alleles are dominant.
• O is recessive. To be type O blood you
must have OO or two O alleles.
• Someone who is "Rh positive" or "Rh+"
has at least one Rh+ allele, but could
have two. Their genotype could be either
Rh+/Rh+ or Rh+/Rh-. Someone who Rhhas a genotype of Rh-/Rh-.
Finding blood types:
• If mom is blood type A and dad is
blood type B- with your table
hypothesize what possible types the
children could be.
Now all you
MOM Possible types Dad possible types
have to do is
AO
BO
genetics:
Punnett
Squares!!
AA
BB
Four options:
Alleles
B
O
A
B
O
B
B
A
A
O
Alleles
Alleles
B
B
Alleles
A
A
A
O
Blood Type and Genetics Practice:
Work out the following problems: show your work on
the back of this sheet:
1. What are the possible blood types of children if
Mom is Type AA, and Dad is Type AB?
2. What Blood type(s) could mom be if Dad is Type B
and their children are either Type O or Type B?
3. What are the possible blood Alleles
A
B
types of children if mom is
Type AB and dad is Type A?
O
4. Finish this punnett square
and tell me the possible
blood types:
O
How do you know who can
donate to who?
• By the antigens and antibodies
located on the Red blood cell and in
the plasma
Blood type A
Blood type B
Blood type AB
Blood type O
A Antigens
B Antigens
AB Antigens
No Antigens
Antibodies in
the plasma
Antibodies in
the plasma
Antibodies in
the plasma
Antibodies in
the plasma
Blood Transfusions:
• The transfusion will work if a person
who is going to receive blood has a
blood group that doesn't have any
antibodies against the donor blood's
antigens. But if a person who is going
to receive blood has antibodies
matching the donor blood's antigens,
the red blood cells in the donated
blood will clump
What about the Negative or
Positive factor?
• That is called the Rh Factor. You are
either Rh – or Rh +
• This works the same way as the antigens
and antibodies.
• If you are Rh + you have the Rh antigen
on your red blood cells. (which means you
do not have the antibody in your plasma)
• If you are Rh- you do not have the Rh
antigen on your RBCs, BUT you Can have
the Rh antibody in your plasma.
So what does all this mean?
1. When a certain blood type donates to
another blood type, the antibodies and
antigens can NOT aggulate (or clump
together)
2. If they clump together these two types
CAN NOT donate to each other!
3. The blood clumps and makes it difficult to
pass through the blood vessels forming
blood clots!
Blood Typing activity
• Lets try and see who can donate and
receive blood from whom.
Here is what happens:
• If Type B gives to Type A:
• Why did type A blood clump together?
Because Type B
has anti-A
antibodies and
they fit with
the antigens on
type A causing it
to clump!
Blood Mixing Lab
• With a partner work through the blood
typing lab.
Alleles &
Antibodies
O
anti-A
anti-B
A
anti-B
B
anti-A
AB
None
O
None
None
None
None
A
Clump
None
Clump
None
B
Clump
Clump
None
None
AB
Clump
Clump
Clump
None
Lets review Blood Types
With your partner answer the following questions:
1. Who can Type A donate to?
2. Can Type B donate to Type AB? Why?
3. Which Type is considered the Universal
Donor (Can donate to everyone)?
4. Which Type is considered the Universal
Recipient (Can receive from everyone)?
Blood Donators and Receivers?
Red blood
cell Antigens
Plasma
Antibodies
TYPE
A
Blood
Antigen A
anti-B
TYPE
B
Blood
Antigen B
anti-A
TYPE
AB
Blood
Antigens A
and B
Type O
Blood
No Antigens
None
Blood Recipient
(Receiving the
blood)
Blood Donor
(Donating
blood)
Type A
Type O
Type A
Type AB
Type B
Type O
Type B
Type AB
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Anti A&B
Type O
Type AB
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Blood Diseases: Problems of RBC
Anemia
Low iron or
hemoglobin
Person feels tired,
weak & short of
breath
Cure: Add iron to diet
Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetic disease
RBC are sickle shaped
RBC can’t pass through capillaries well
Blood clots, lack of oxygen to cells.
Can be deadly
Blood Diseases: Problems with
White Blood cells:
• Normal White blood cells
help to fight infection
• When there is an injury or
invasion of bateria/virsus
the number of WBC’s
increase in that area.
• WBC’s numbers go back to
normal after fighting off the
infection.
WBC disease: Leukemia
•
•
•
•
•
•
Blood cancer
WBC count increases abnormally
Usually increases to 73k or above
#’s don’t decrease after time
Leukemia WBC’s don’t fight infections
Bone marrow is busy making “bad” WBC
instead of RBC, which leads to a lack of
oxygen
•
•
•
•
Blood Diseases: Problems of
Platelets
Bruises
Platelet number is low
Blood clots can’t form • Genetic disease
Small black and blue • Platelets don’t
marks
contain a chemical
that starts clotting
• Trouble clotting
blood when injured
Blood Vessels disease:
Atherosclerosis
• Plaque builds up in the
arteries that supply O2
to the heart.
• Can cause a heart attack
because blood flow is blocked from
getting to the heart.
Not sure what causes this disease
• factors damage that damage blood
vessels
– Smoking
– Increase of certain fats and cholesterol
in the blood
– High blood pressure
– Increase of sugar in the blood
due to insulin resistance or diabetes
Counting Blood cells to
determine disease packet/lab.
Monday 11/22/10 Review
Tuesday 11/23/10 TEST!!
• Review activities:
– Vocab card activity for heart blood flow. (the
order blood flows through the heart and the
structure of the heart)
– Draw the heart and label all of the
components on red and blue paper in a
group.
– Blood typing review with cut outs
– Draw a diagram showing how respiratory
works with Cardio Sam’s white boards.