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Essentials of Human Diseases
and Conditions
4th edition
Margaret Schell Frazier
Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski
Chapter 10
Diseases and Conditions of the
Circulatory System
Orderly Function of the Circulatory
System
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Orderly Function of the Circulatory
System (cont’d.)
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Cardiac Cycle
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Diastole - atria fill, all valves closed
Diastole - valves open, ventricles fill
Systole - atria contract and empty, ventricles
are full
Systole - ventricles begin to contract, valves
close
Systole - ventricles contract, aortic and
pulmonary valves open, blood to aorta
Diastole - ventricles empty, valves close
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Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease: A condition
involving the arteries that supply the
myocardium, in which the arteries become
narrowed due to atherosclerotic deposits
over time, causing temporary cardiac
ischemia and eventually heart attack
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Coronary Artery Disease (cont’d.)
Angina pectoris: A condition of chest pain
after exertion that is the result of reduced
oxygen supply to the myocardium
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Coronary Artery Disease (cont’d.)
Myocardial infarction: (MI) - Death of
myocardial tissue caused by the
development of ischemia
 Most common cause is coronary thrombosis.
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Treatment Options for Myocardial
Infarction
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Administer oxygen, give morphine for pain.
Administer aspirin.
Induce vasodilation by nitroglycerin drip.
Administer lidocaine by intravenous drip.
Administer thrombolytic drugs.
Restore blood flow by angioplasty.
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Hypertensive Heart Disease
Hypertensive heart disease: A condition
caused by chronically elevated pressure
throughout the vascular system.
 Most prevalent cardiovascular disorder in the
U.S.
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Treatment of Hypertension
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Diuretics to reduce circulating blood volume
Beta-adrenergic blockers to slow heartbeat
Vasodilators to dilate vessels
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors to produce vasodilation and
increase renal blood flow
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Hypertensive Heart Disease
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Essential hypertension
Malignant hypertension
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Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF): An
acute or chronic inability of the heart to
pump enough blood throughout the body
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Signs of Congestive Heart Failure
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gradually increasing dyspnea
cardiac and respiratory rates increase
neck veins distend
edema in ankles
liver and spleen enlarge
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Congestive Heart Failure (cont’d.)
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left-sided congestive heart failure
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left ventricle does not empty
blood backs up in pulmonary circulation
pulmonary congestion
right-sided congestive heart failure
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right ventricle cannot empty
blood backs up in systemic circulation
edema in legs and digestive system
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Congestive Heart Failure (cont’d.)
Cor pulmonale (right-sided heart
disease): Enlargement of the right
ventricle as a sequela to primary lung
disease
 Symptoms:
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dyspnea
distended neck veins
edema of the extremities
enlarged, tender liver
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Chapter 10
Lesson 10.2
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy: A noninflammatory
disease of the cardiac muscle resulting in
enlargement of myocardium and ventricular
dysfunction
 three groups:
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dilated - degeneration of myocardial fibers
hypertrophic - small left ventricle
restrictive - thickening of myocardium
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Inflammatory Heart Diseases
Pericarditis: acute or chronic inflammation
of the pericardium, the sac enclosing and
protecting the heart
Endocarditis: inflammation of the lining
and valves of the heart
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Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic fever: a systemic inflammatory
and autoimmune disease involving the
joints and cardiac tissue
 generally preceded by sore throat caused by
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
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Rheumatic Fever (cont’d.)
Rheumatic heart disease: the cardiac
manifestations that follow rheumatic fever
 usually affects mitral and aortic valves
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Valvular Heart Disease
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP): occurs when
the valve cusps do not close completely
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Valve Insufficiency and Stenosis
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Valve insufficiency: failure of valves to close
completely, allows blood to be forced back
into heart
Stenosis: hardening of cusps of valves that
prevents complete opening of valves,
impedes blood flow into next chamber
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrhythmias (irregular
heartbeats): any deviation from the normal
heartbeat, i.e., the normal sinus rhythm
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Causes of Irregular Heartbeat
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Irregular heartbeat reflects disturbances in
normal conduction system, including:
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the pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
atrioventricular node
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
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Shock
Shock: collapse of the cardiovascular
system, including vasodilation and fluid
shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac
output
Cardiogenic shock: inadequate
output of blood by the heart when the
myocardium fails to pump effectively
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Causes of Shock
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anaphylaxis
hemorrhage
sepsis
respiratory distress
heart failure
neurologic failure
emotional catastrophe
severe metabolic insult
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The Vascular
System
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Functions of Vascular System
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transport system responsible for supplying
blood tissues with blood containing oxygen
and nutrients
conveys waste products and carbon dioxide
to organs for excretion
arteries - carry blood away from heart
veins - carry blood back to heart
capillaries - exchange blood at cellular level
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Vascular Conditions
Emboli: clots of aggregated material
(usually blood) that can lodge in a blood
vessel and inhibit the blood flow
Venous thrombosis: blood clot that has
formed in the deep veins of the legs
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most common type of embolus
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Vascular Conditions (cont’d.)
Arteriosclerosis: a condition that occurs
when the walls of the arterioles thicken,
with loss of elasticity and contractility
Atherosclerosis: a thickening and
hardening of the arteries that occurs when
plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the
arterial tunica intima
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Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis
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heredity
sedentary lifestyle
diet rich in lipids and cholesterol-producing
foods
smoking
diabetes mellitus
hypertension
obesity
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Chapter 10
Lesson 10.3
Vascular Conditions (cont’d.)
Aneurysm: a weakening and resulting
local dilation of the wall of an artery
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Vascular Conditions (cont’d.)
Phlebitis: an inflammation of a vein that occurs
most often in the lower legs, but any vein may be
affected
Thrombophlebitis: The result of an inflammation
of a vein with the formation of a thrombus on the
vessel wall
Varicose veins: Swollen, tortuous, and knotted
veins that usually occur in the lower legs
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Vascular Conditions (cont’d.)
Raynaud disease: a vasospastic condition
of the fingers, hands, or feet, causing pain,
numbness, and sometimes discoloration
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Elements and Functions of Blood
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elements
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red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma
functions
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transports elements to body cells
removes waste products
helps to maintain homeostasis
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Blood Dyscrasias (cont’d.)
Anemia: a condition in which there is a
reduction in the quantity of either red blood
cells or hemoglobin, reducing the blood’s
ability to carry oxygen to the cells
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Symptoms: fatigue, pale appearance
Diagnostic factors: reduced red blood cell
numbers, reduced hemoglobin levels, changes in
morphology of corpuscles
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Blood Dyscrasias (cont’d.)
Classifications of Anemia
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Iron-deficiency anemia: Insufficient iron intake due to
hemorrhage or condition of slow bleeding such as bleeding
hemorrhoids
Folic acid deficiency anemia: A condition in which insufficient
amounts of folic acid are available for DNA synthesis,
preventing maturation of blood cells
Aplastic anemia: A condition resulting from an insult to the
hematopoietic or stem cells in the bone marrow
Sickle cell anemia: Chronic hereditary hemolytic form of
anemia, in the U.S. found primarily in African-Americans
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Leukemias
Leukemias: malignant neoplasms of the
blood-forming organs that produce an
abnormal, uncontrolled clonal proliferation
of one specific type of blood cell in the
lymphoid or myeloid cell lines
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Lymphatic Diseases
Lymphedema: an abnormal collection of
lymph, usually in the extremities
Lymphagitis: an inflammation of the
lymph vessels
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Lymphatic Diseases (cont’d.)
Lymphoma: malignant neoplasms that
arise from uncontrolled proliferation of the
cellular components of the lymph system
Hodgkin disease: cancer of the body’s
lymphatic system
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL):
describes a number of heterogeneous
neoplasms of the lymphoid cells
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Clotting Disorders
Classic hemophilia: a hereditary bleeding
disorder resulting from a deficiency of
clotting factors
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