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The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th edition Barbara Herlihy Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body 1 Lesson 1-1 Objectives • Define the terms anatomy and physiology. • List the levels of organization of the human body. • Describe the 12 major organ systems. • Define homeostasis. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: The branch of science that studies the structure of the body • Physiology: The branch of science that describes how the body functions • Structure and function are closely related. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 The Body’s Levels of Organization • Organization from simple to complex – Atoms – Molecules – Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ systems – Human organism Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Major Organ Systems • • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory • • • • • • Lymphatic Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Homeostasis: Staying the Same • Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment • Homeostatic mechanisms help maintain homeostasis. • Homeostatic imbalance is associated with various disorders. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Lesson 1-2 Objectives • Describe the anatomical position. • List common terms used for relative positions of the body. • Describe the three major planes of the body. • List anatomical terms for regions of the body. • Describe the major cavities of the body. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Anatomical Position • • • • Standing erect Face forward Arms at sides Toes and palms directed forward Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Relative Positions • Pairs of directional terms – Superior and inferior – Anterior and posterior – Medial and lateral – Proximal and distal – Superficial and deep – Central and peripheral Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Planes and Sections of the Body • Sagittal plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions. • Frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. • Transverse plane divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Regional Terms Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Cavities of the Body • Dorsal cavity – Cranial cavity – Spinal (vertebral) cavity • Ventral cavity – Thoracic cavity • Pleural cavities • Mediastinum – Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Cavities of the Body (cont’d.) • Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity – Four quadrants – Nine regions Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17