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Cardiovascular Health
Chapter 15
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
 Leading cause of death in the U.S.
 Affects nearly 81 million Americans
 Claims one life every 38 seconds
 The high rate of CVD is primarily
caused by American’s lifestyles
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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
 Tobacco Use
 Number-one preventable cause of CVD in
U.S.
 Smoking harms the CV System in many
ways:
Damages the lining of arteries
Reduces HDL’s
Raises triglycerides and LDL’s
Nicotine increases blood pressure & HR
CO displaces O2
Causes platelets to become sticky, leading to
clotting
 Speeds the development of fatty deposits in the
arteries
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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
 Diabetes
 Death from CVD is 2 to 3 times more
likely in obese people than in lean
people.
 Higher rates of other CVD risk factors:
 Hypertension
 Obesity
 Unhealthy blood lipid levels
 Damaged endothelial cells
 More vulnerable to atherosclerosis
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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
 Blood Pressure
 Normal adult:
 Hypertensive adult :
 Cholesterol Levels
 Total cholesterol (mg/dl):
 LDL:
 HDL:
 Level of Physical Activity
 Physical activity:
Major Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed
 Heredity
 Multiple genes contribute
 Having a first-degree relative with CAD
 Aging
 70% of Heart Attack victims
 Over the age of 55
 Being male
 Men have higher risk of heart attack
 Ethnicity
 African Americans have higher risk of hypertension;
Hispanics have a greater risk of HBP and angina; Asians
have lower rates of CVD
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The Cardiovascular
System
Components of the Cardiovascular System
 Heart:
 Blood vessels:
 Arteries –
 Veins –
 Capillaries –
 Blood:
The Cardiovascular System
 Each heartbeat has two phases:
 Systole =
 Diastole =
 Reporting BP:
Anatomy of the Heart
Great Vessels of the Heart
 From left to right (front view of heart):
 Superior and Inferior vena cava
 Returns blood from body to heart
 Aorta
 Delivers blood to entire body from
heart
 Pulmonary trunk
 Delivers blood to the lungs from the
heart
Great Vessels of the Heart
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Chambers of the Heart
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Circulation in The Heart
Chambers of the Heart
 Right Atrium
 Receives deoxygenated blood from entire body
 Blood passes to right ventricle via tricuspid valve
 Right ventricle
 Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
 Left Atrium
 Receives oxygenated blood from lungs
 Blood passes to left ventricle via bicuspid valve
 Left Ventricle
 Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Circulation in The Heart
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Coronary Circulation
 Definition:
 Coronary arteries are the
first arteries that branch
from the aorta
Cardiovascular Disease
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis
 Coronary Artery (Heart) Disease
(heart attack, angina)
 Arrhythmias and Sudden
Cardiac Death
 Congestive Heart Failure
 Stroke
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis –
 When coronary arteries become blocked
with plaque buildup this results in
 Symptoms of Heart Attack include:
 If an artery in a limb becomes narrowed or
blocked this results
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Stages of Plaque Development
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Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
• Angina – Arteries are narrowed by disease
but open enough to deliver blood under
normal circumstances
• During times of stress heart can not receive
enough oxygen
• Usually felt as
• Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death –
Electrical conduction system is disrupted
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Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
 Stroke –when cells of the brain are starved of
oxygenated blood for more than a few minutes,
they die.
 Types of Strokes
 Ischemic stroke – blockage in a blood vessel
 Thrombotic stroke  Embolic stroke  Hemorrhagic stroke – blood vessel ruptures in the
brain
 Intracerebral hemorrhage
 Subarachnoid hemorrhage
 Aneurysm
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Types of stroke
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Detecting Stroke
 A quick way to recognize a stroke is to ask
the person to do three things:
 1. “Smile”. If her smile droops on one side,
or if she is unable to move or open one
side of her mouth…
 2. “Hold your arms out”. If the person
cannot move one arm or hold one arm
still…
 3. “Repeat a simple, short sentence”. If she
has trouble speaking…
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The Effects of a Stroke Can Include
 Paralysis (possible)
 Walking disability
 Speech impairment
 Memory loss
 Behavior changes
 The area of brain damage will determine which
part of the body is affected
Treating Stroke
 For Ischemic Stroke
 For Hemorrhagic Stroke
 Transient Ischemic Attack
 If a stroke is detected late
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
 Congestive Heart Failure: A Number of
conditions can damage the pumping
mechanism of the heart
 High blood pressure
 Heart attack
 Atherosclerosis
 Alcoholism
 Viral infections
 Rheumatic fever
 Birth defects
 Pulmonary edema –
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Other Forms of Heart Disease
 Congenital Heart Disease
 Defect/malformation of heart/blood vessels that
you are born with
 Ex. “A hole in the heart”
 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
 Enlarged heart
 Can cause arrhythmias
 Rheumatic Heart Disease
 Resulting from a sequence of untreated
streptococcal throat infections
 Up to 3% of untreated strep. Infections lead to
rheumatic fever
Detecting and Treating
Heart Disease
Tests Used to Detect Heart Disease
 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
 Echocardiography
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Detecting Heart Disease
 Angiogram
Treating Heart Disease
 Balloon angioplasty
Treating Heart Disease
 Coronary Bypass Surgery
Protecting Yourself Against
Cardiovascular Disease
 Exercise regularly
 Avoid tobacco
 Know and manage your blood pressure
(monitored once every two years)
 Know and manage your cholesterol levels
 Develop effective ways to handle stress and
anger
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