Download Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 15
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Introduction
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading
cause of death in the U.S.
• One American dies from CVD every 33
seconds
• Nearly half of all Americans will die from
CVD
• CVD is the leading cause of death for both
men and women
• 45% of all heart attacks occur in people
under the age of 65
• Most of CVD risk is lifestyle-related
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The Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary circulation
Blood to and from the lungs.
Systemic circulation
Left side of the heart pumps blood
through the rest of the body.
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Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels, hormones,
enzymes and wastes.
Four chambers (size of a fist).
Upper chambers (Atriums).
Lower chambers (Ventricles).
Vena cava
Pulmonary Artery and Vein.
Aorta.
Coronary Arteries.
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Cardiovascular System
Systole and Diastole.
action of the heart is controlled by an
electrical signal which originates in the
right atrium.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Arteries carry blood away from the
heart.
Capillaries
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Risk Factors
Major Risk factors
Contributing Risk Factors
Six Major Risk Factors that can be
changed.
Tobacco use.
Physical inactivity.
Obesity
High blood pressure.
Diabetes
High levels of cholesterol.
LDL’s and HDL’s
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Tobacco Use
Smokers have 2-3 times higher risk
of heart attack
Reduces HDL’s
CO displaces O2
Causes platelets to become sticky and
increases blood thickness
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High Blood Pressure
Too much pressure against arterial
walls
Heart has to work harder, weakens,
enlarges, arteries scar and harden
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High Blood Pressure
Tachycardias.
100 or more beats per minute.
Compromises the ability of the heart to
pump effectively.
Ventricles can not completely fill.
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Low Blood Pressure
Bradychardia
60 or less beats per minute
Poor circulation of the blood
Lack of 02 throughout to body and brain
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Cholesterol
Clogs the arteries
Increased risk of CVD
LDL’s - less than 120 dl/mg
HDL’s - greater than 60 dl/mg
Total cholesterol should be below 200
dl/mg
Levels over 240 indicates high risk of
CVD
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Physical Inactivity
Exercise reduces risk by:
Lowering LDL’s
Controlling Blood pressure
Increasing HDL’s
Maintaining weight
Helps prevent or controls Diabetes
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Other Contributing Factors
Obesity
More than 30% above recommended
weight.
Increase strain on the heart.
Diabetes
Having doubles the risk of CVD.
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Body Weight
More than 30%
High cholesterol levels
High blood pressure
Excessive strain on the heart
Fat collected in the torso more
dangerous
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Contributing Risk Factors That
Can Be Changed
High Triglyceride Levels
Psychological factors
Chronic hostility and anger
Suppressing psychological disorders
Depression and anxiety
Social factors
Social isolation
Low socioeconomic status
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Elevated Triglycerides
Combines with LDL’s
Causes lowered HDL’s
Linked with Obesity
Linked with Diabetes
Reliable predictor of CVD
Best means of Reduction: Exercise
weight loss, and dietary changes
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Factors Not Controllable
Heredity - CVD has genetic component;
high cholesterol levels, blood clotting and
obesity
Age - Over the age of 65
Sex - Men have higher risk earlier in life
Ethnicity - African Americans have higher
risk of hypertension; Hispanics greater
risk of HBP and Angina; Asians Lower rates
of CVD
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Possible Risk Factors Currently
Being Studied
Homocysteine
Lipoprotein(a)
LDL Particle size.
Infectious agents
Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein
Fibriongen
Blood Viscosity and Iron
Uric Acid
Syndrome X
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Major Forms of Cardiovascular
Disease
Hypertension - may cause damage even
before it is ever detected.
Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty
deposits. Starts during childhood fat.
Heart Attack - Coronary thrombosis,
coronary occlusion or myocardial infarction.
Vessels in the heart become blocked.
Stroke - Impeded blood supply to a part of
the brain.
Congestive Heart Failure - Blood backs up
in the veins leading to the heart, causing
fluid retention in various body parts.
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Major Forms of Cardiovascular
Disease
Angina Pectoris - Chest pain; heart doesn’t
get enough O2. (Kehr’s sign.).
Arrhythmia’s - Abnormal Heartbeat Disruption of the electrical system - can
lead to sudden death.
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Helping a Heart Attack Victim
Most die within 2 hours from time of
first symptoms.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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Detecting and Treating Heart
Disease
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Angiogram
Balloon Angioplasty
Coronary Bypass Surgery
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Stroke or Cerebrovascular
Accident (CVA)
Ischemic stroke
Thrombotic stroke clot forms in a
cerebral artery
Embolic Stroke - wandering blood clot
Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel
ruptures in the brain
Aneurysm
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The Effects of a Stroke
600,000 Americans per year
One-third die within a year
Those who survive have some lasting
disability.
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Stroke Warning Signs
Sudden numbness or weakness of
face, arm, leg or one side of the body
Loss of Speech or difficulty speaking
Dimming or loss of vision in one eye
Unexplained dizziness in relation to
other symptoms
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Detecting and Treating Stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Computed tomography (CT)
Rehabilitation
Physical therapy
Speech and Language therapy
Occupational therapy
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Congestive Heart Failure
Number of conditions
Pulmonary edema - Fluid accumulates in
the lungs.
Heart can not maintain regular pumping
rate; fluid backs up.
Controlled by: Reducing cardiac load,
eliminating excess fluid, restriction
of salt and drug therapy.
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Heart Disease in Children
Congenital Heart Disease
Most common are holes between the
ventricles.
Congenital narrowing of the aorta.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Rheumatic Heart Disease - Streptococcal
infections causes damage to the heart
muscle and valves.
Strep throat needs to be treated, primary
cause if not treated.
Heart Valve Disorders
Mitral valve prolapse
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Protecting Yourself Against CVD
Total Fats less than 30%
Low Saturated Fats
Increased Dietary Fiber
Moderation of Alcohol
No smoking
Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, folic
acid, vitamin B-6 & B-12,soy protein,
and total calories.
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Protecting Yourself
Moderate physical activity
Blood pressure monitored twice a
year
Control Cholesterol levels
Effective means of controlling stress
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DASH
Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension
DASH DIET
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Thank You!
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