Download Slajd 1 - Patho

Pathology of the Heart and
Vessels Chosen Problems
The human heart
☺efficient, durable and reliable pump
☺over 6000 liters of blood daily
☺> 40 mililion beats a year
HEART DISEASE IS THE PREDOMINANT
CAUSE OF DISABILITY AND DEATH IN
INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS.
Cardiovascular dysfunction –
principal mechanisms
Failure of the pump
An obstruction to flow
Regurgitant flow
Disorders of cardiac conduction
Disruption of the continuity of the
circulatory system
HEART FAILURE
?
Heart failure
Heart failure - causes
Hypertrophy
Left ventricular hypertrophy is an
independent risk factor for sudden death!
BUT
Physiologic hypertrophy (induced by regular
strenuous exercise) has minimal or no
deleterious effect.
Left-sided and right-sided cardiac failure can
occur independently.
BUT
Failure of one side (particulary the left side)
often produces excessive strain on the other,
leading to the global heart failure.
Left–sided heart failure
Causes:
Left-sided failure – effects
Heart
Lungs
Brain
Right – sided heart failure
The most common reason of right-sided
failure is
prolonged left-sided failure
Right-sided heart failure - effects
Liver
Spleen
Bowels
Kidneys
Brain
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
The clinical manifestation of IHD:
1.
2.
3.
4.
IHD in its various forms is the leading cause
of death in industrialized nations.
Ischemic heart disease - causes
Angina pectoris
Stable angina
Prinzmetal angina
Unstable angina
Myocardial infarction
(„heart attack”)
Risk factors
Myocardial necrosis
The location and size of MI depend on:
Evolution of gross changes in MI
Evolution of microscopic changes in MI
Consequences and complications of MI
Chronic ischemic heart disease
Sudden cardiac death
Nonatherosclerotic causes of SCD