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BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the function of the heart?
the heart’s function is to…
Pump characteristics:
Essentially ______________,
hence 2 routes!
-____________
-____________
Where should the tin man look for a heart?
Location
-________________
-________________
Size
-___________
Orientation
-_________
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Heart held in position via
attachments:
-on top: ______________
-below:
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Heart surrounded by
a double-layered
protective sac the
_______________
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Consists of three
layers:
_______________
_______________
_______________
Pericardial cavity
_______________
He died of a broken heart... ___________________
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
_____________
right = ________
left = _________
“_________”
______________
_______
_________________
(divides atria and
ventricles)
_________________
(divides ventricles)
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
The cardiac sulci are
marked by ___________,
which are associated with
____________________.
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Vessels associated with
sulci…
__________________
(Right and Left)
__________________
(anterior and posterior)
What happens if a thrombus/embolus ends up
in these vessels?
What is the external anatomy of the heart?
Vessels associated with
sulci…
__________________
_______________ return
blood to heart via…
________________
To what chamber?
?
What is the internal anatomy of the heart?
_____________
-3 entrances
*__________
*__________
______________
_______________
…to pulmonary trunk
1
3
2
What is the internal anatomy of the heart?
______________
4 entrances (_____________)
____________ (Mitral valve)
_____________: Exit
semilunar valves… to
__________________
_____________________
separates the R&L ventricles
_____________ separates
R&L atria
____________ or ______________?
3
1
4
2
What is the anatomy of the heart wall?
The 3 “cardiums” or
layers of the heart
wall:
_________: smooth
serous membrane and
loose connective
tissue
_________: thick
muscular layer
_________: simple squamous epithelium and fibrous
connective tissue
What is the histology of the heart wall?
Cardiac histology
Characteristics:
branch
Intercalated
discs
nucleus
Slower onset and
longer duration of
contraction
myofibril
sarcomere
Why?
mitochondria
Take 5!!!
Under resting conditions
most ATP produced in
cardiac muscle is derived
from the metabolism of
fatty acids. During periods
of heavy exercise, however,
cardiac muscle cells use
Discuss with your
lactic acid as an energy neighbor and predict an
source. Why is this an
answer
advantage?
What controls the timing and sequence of a
heart beat?
_________ “fires”
Impulse reaches ___
______, 0.1 sec delay
Impulse travels to
__ _______
(Bundle of His)
Impulse travels
down _________
_______________
Finally back up
______________
What happens when your pacemaker loses time?
____________:
when tissue
other than SA
node initiates
action potential
If not SA node
what other
possibilities?
How can we represent this electrical activity?
Electrodes used to measure
change electric potential =
____________________
Each wave represents an
electric potential
P wave = ________________
QRS complex = __________
_______________________
T wave = ____________
__________________
Where is atrial
repolarization?
What is the cardiac cycle?
Terms can refer to
atrial or ventricular
condition…
Two terms used to
describe status of
myocardium:
______ = contraction
______ = relaxation
However, if not
specified it is always
ventricular
What is the cardiac cycle?
Distinct periods
occurring
include:
Ventricular
Systole
1) period of
_______
_________
2) period of
_________
What is the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular
Diastole
3) period of
________
________
4) period of
_______
_______
_______ (70%)
5) period of
_______
________ ____
Take 5!!!
Fibrillation is abnormal,
rapid contractions of
different parts of the heart
that prevent the heart
muscle from contracting as
a single unit. Why does
atrial fibrillation not cause Discuss with your
immediate death, but
neighbor and predict an
ventricular fibrillation
answer
does?
What makes the rhythm of this drum in my
chest?
Heart sounds are caused
by…
Consists of:
“Lubb” =
“Dup” =
Sometimes a third sound =
Normal heart
sounds
Mitral valve
stenosis
How is the heart’s activity regulated?
The heart is regulated
in two fashions…
1) ______________
depends on characteristics of the heart itself
(in or out of the body!)
•____________
•______________ (preload relates to stroke volume)
How is the heart’s activity regulated?
2) ____________
depends on neural and hormonal control
•_______________ via vagus nerves < heart rate
“vagal stimulation”
•_______________ via cardiac nerves > heart rate & >
force of contraction
•_______________ > rate & > force...via which ones?
How is homeostasis of the heart achieved?
__________monitor conditions including:
1) Changes in pressure (______________) in
major arteries work with medulla oblongata
2) Changes in chemistry (_____________) in medulla
oblongata (CO2) and major arteries (O2)
Effects of ions
1) ________+ can decrease heart contraction to heart block
2) _________++ can increase rate (death due to skeletal
muscle tetany)
Effects of temperature = ?
What are some of the diseases/disorders of the
heart?
•Endocarditis
•Congenital heart defects:
•Myocarditis
Septal defects
•Rheumatic fever
(endocarditis)
Patent ductus arteriosus
•Coronary heart
disease
•Angina pectoris
•Myocardial
infarction
Stenosis
Incompetent (prolapsed)
valve
•Cyanosis
•CHF
•Hypertension