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QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 11 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali 16- comparative and superlative nouns اسم التفضيل • The comparative and superlative noun is a form which changes an adjective to indicate a comparison between one thing and another. • Example: َيوسفَ أکبر من إبراهيم (Joseph is bigger than Abraham.) • الشمسَاكبرَمنَاألرض • The sun is bigger than the earth • triliteral active verbs and always are kept in the form أفعل • . For example: َ( کرمwhich is an active verb) becomes ( أکرمmore generous) • َ( ض ِربwhich is a passive verb) is not kept into the comparative or superlative form. َ الصفةَالمشبّهةvs. اسمَالتفضيل • Triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect as well as any verb that has more than three letters are not put into the comparative or superlative forms. • The reason for that is that such active verbs are not formed into the comparative and superlative forms is because the form أفعل for these verbs is used as الصفةَالمشبّهة. • For example: َ( س ِودto make black) becomes ( أسودblack) and َع ِور (to loose an eye) becomes ( أعورone-eyed). • If we want to use the comparative or superlative form from the above mentioned verbs then we must use one of the words أشد (more severe), ( أکثرmore) ( أوفرmore abundant) or ( أکبرlarger) and then add the infinitive of the verb in the MANSOOB form (because it is a TAMYEEZ). • For example: َ س ِودbecomes َ( أشدَ سواداblacker) • or َ ع ِورbecomes َ(أکثرَ عوراmore one-eyed). • . ( هو أکثر احتراماَ ألبيهhe is more respectful to his father) – اللحمَآشدُّ حمرةَمنَالتفاحmeat is more red than the apple 16- Superlative Noun اسم تفضيل • A Noun can ONLY be superlative if it meets the following conditions: – – – – – It is a complete verb (not incomplete like KAANA )كان Tri-Lettered Derivable noun (not DAHRAJAَ) دحرج Positive (not negative like LAYSAَ) ليس It is in active form (not FO’ELAَ) فعل It’s feminine description is not in the form of َالصفة َ المشبّهةFa’laa’’( ” فعالءnotَ أ حمرAHMAR) 11-Noun of Time and Place • The noun of time indicates the time of the action of the verb. غرب ِ ( مevening). • The noun of place indicates the place of the action. example: ( مطبخkitchen). • The forms mentioned in the next slide can be applied to both. The determination of whether it is a noun of time or place is usually clarified by the context of the sentence. Scale of mafa’l مفعل 1. If the verb ended with a vowel letter , – example: ( يرميhe is shooting) becomes َ( مرمیaim), – (flowing place, sewer) مجرى ( جرىflow) 2. If the present tense had Fatha or Dhamma on the Ayn of the Verb – for example َ( يطبخhe is cooking) becomes ( مطبخkitchen), – مكتب َ يكتبWriting Office – example: َ( يذبحhe is slaughtering) becomes مذبح (slaughterhouse), – ملعب َ يلعبPlay Playground Scale of mafe’l مف ِعل 1. If the verb did not end with a vowel, and the Ayn of the verb in present tense had a kasra نزل ِ م َ – ينزلDescend House – for example: َضرب ِ ( يhe is hitting) becomes ضرب ِ م (camp site). 2. If the verb started with a vowel letter (did not end with a vowel letter) مو ِعد َ وعدPromise Pledge – There are rare exceptions to this rule, for example مف ِعل: غرب و مط ِلع ِ شرق و م ِ مwhose second root letter has a dhammah in the present tense. Four letter Noun of Time and Place • Four Letter verb is formed on a scale of ISIM Mafool (Object Noun) or MASDAR MIMI (MOFA’L) – example: – َ( يستشفیa cure was sought) becomes َ(مستسفیhospital). – َ مجتمع ( اجتمعgathered community or gathering place) 11-Noun of Instrument • An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the thing that the action was performed with. • For example: ( ِمبردfile) • Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive triliteral verbs. • There are three forms that they have: ِمفعل. 1 : for example: ( ِمبردfile) ِمفعلة. 2 : for example: ( ِمکنسةbroom) ِمفعال. 3 : for example: ( ِمفتاحkey) • Non derived nouns are SOMAEYAH and does not have any standard such as: • سكينknife , قلمpen, جرسbell More examples ِمفعل – َص َّ –مق Scissor ِ ّ قCut Meqas ص ِمفعال – ثاقِبDrilled َ– ِمثقاب Driller – < ِمنشار-- َ نشرSawed Saw ِمفعلة • < مطرقة-- َ – طرقhammered hammer • <ملعقة--َ ل ِعق- licked spoon 11-Noun of Instrument – Odd cases – Fa’aalata ( –فعالةApproved by Egyptians) – < غسالة-- َ غسلwash washing machine – < خرامة--َ خرمdrilled driller