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Infinitives P. 32 Realidades 1 Infinitives • Verbs are words that are most often used to name actions. • Verbs in English have different forms depending on who is doing the action or when the action is occurring: • I walk, she walks, we walked, etc. Infinitives • The most basic form of a verb is called the INFINITIVE. • In English, you can spot infinitives because they always have the word “TO” in front of them: • to swim, to read, to write Infinitives • Infinitives in Spanish, though, don’t have a separate word like “to” in front of them. • Spanish infinitives are only one word, and always end in -ar, -er, or -ir: • Nadar • Leer • Escribir Negatives P. 36 Realidades 1 Negatives To make a sentence negative in Spanish, you usually put “no” in front of the verb or expression. In English you usually use the word “not.” No me gusta cantar. I do not like to sing. Negatives To answer a question negatively, in Spanish you often use “no” twice. The first “no” answers the question. The second “no” says, I do not … (don’t).” Negatives This is similar to the way you answer a question in English. ¿Te gusta escribir cuentos? Do you like to write stories? No, no me gusta. No, I don’t. Negatives In Spanish, you might use one or more negatives after answering “no.” ¿Te gusta cantar? Do you like to sing? No, no me gusta nada. No, I don’t like it at all. Negatives If you want to say that you do not like either of two choices, use ni…ni: No me gusta ni nadar ni dibujar. I don’t like either swimming or drawing. I like neither swimming nor drawing. Agreement or Disagreement P. 38 Realidades 1 Agreement or Disagreement To agree with what a person likes, you use “a mí también.” It’s like saying “me too” in English. Agreement or Disagreement Me gusta pasar tiempo con amigos. I like to spend time with friends. A mí también. Me too. Agreement or Disagreement If somewone tells you that he or she dislikes something, you can agree by saying “a mí tampoco.” It’s like saying “me neither or “neither do I” in English. Agreement or Disagreement No me gusta nada cantar. I don’t like to sing at all. A mí tampoco. Me neither. Adjectives P. 55 Realidades 1 Adjectives Words that describe people and things are called adjectives (adjetivos). In Spanish, most adjectives have both masculine and feminine forms. The masculine form usually ends in the letter -o and the feminine form usually ends in the letter -a. Adjectives Masculine adjectives are used to describe masculine nouns. Marcos es ordenado y simpatico. Marcos is organized and nice. Adjectives Feminine adjectives are used to describe feminine nouns. Marta es ordenada y simpática. Marta is organized and nice. Adjectives Adjectives that end in -e describe both masculine and feminine nouns. Take a look Adjectives Anita es inteligente. Anita is smart. Pedro es inteligente también. Pedro is also smart. Adjectives Masculine Feminine ordenado trabajador paciente deportista ordenada traqbajadora paciente deportista Adjectives When an adjective ends in -or, an -a is added to describe a feminine noun. Juan es trabajador. Luz es trabajadora Adjectives Some adjectives that end in -a, such as deportista, describe both masculine and feminine nouns. You will need to learn which adjectives follow this pattern. Adjectives Tomás es deportista. Tomás is sports-minded. Marta es deportista también. Marta is also sports-minded. Definite and Indefinite Articles P. 60 Realidades 1 Definite Articles El , La , Los and Las are called definite articles. Definite Articles In English they mean “the” Definite Articles We use El and Los with masculine nouns and La and Las with feminine nouns. Indefinite Articles Un, Una, Unos, and Unas are indefinite articles. Indefinite Articles Un and Una mean “a or an” in English. Indefinite Articles Unos and Unas mean “some” in English. Indefinite Articles Un and Unos are masculine and Una and Unas are feminine. Word Order: Placement of Adjectives P. 62 Realidades 1 Placement of Adjectives In Spanish, adjectives usually come after the noun they describe. Margarita es una chica artistica. noun adjective Placement of Adjectives In English sentences the adjective comes before the noun, but in Spanish adjectives mostly come after the noun. Memorize this pattern Placement of Adjectives Subject + Verb + Noun + Adjective Margarita es una chica muy artistica. Pablo es un estudiante inteligente. La Sra. Ortiz es una profesora muy buena. Subject Pronouns P. 82 Realidades 1 Subject Pronouns The subject of a sentence tells who is doing the action. You often use people’s names as the subject: Gregorio escucha música. Ana canta y baila. Subject Pronouns You also use subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, we, they) to tell who is doing an action. The subject pronouns replace people’s names. Here are all the subject pronouns. Subject Pronouns (Singular) Yo I (informal) Usted (Ud.) You (formal) He Él She Ella Tú You Subject Pronouns (Plural) Nosotros Nosotras Vosotros Vosotras Ustedes Ellos Ellas (Uds.) We (males) We (females) You All (informal) You All (informal) You All (formal) They (males) They (females) Subject Pronouns Tú, usted, ustedes, and vosotros(as) all mean “you.” Use tú with family, friends, people your age or younger, and anyone you call by his or her first name. Subject Pronouns Use usted with adults you address with a title, such as señor, señora, profesor(a), etc. Usted is usually written as Ud. Subject Pronouns In Latin America, use ustedes when speaking to two or more people, regardless of age. Ustedes is usually written as Uds. Subject Pronouns In Spain, use vosotros(as) when speaking to two or more people you call tú individually: Tú + tú = vosotros(as) Use ustedes when talking to two or more people you call usted individually. Subject Pronouns If a group is made up of males only or of both males and females together, use the masculine forms: nosotros, vosotros, ellos. Subject Pronouns You can combine a subject pronoun and a name to form a subject. Subject Pronouns Alejandro y yo = nosotros Carlos y ella = ellos Pepe y tú = ustedes Lola y ella = ellas Present Tense of -ar Verbs P. 84 Realidades 1 VERBS A verb usually names the action in a sentence. We call the verb that ends in -r the INFINITIVE VERBS The INFINITIVE is the form you would find in a Spanish dictionary. In English it means “to + (verb)” These are some INFINITIVES you already know: Enseñar Estudiar Hablar Bailar Cantar Dibujar Escuchar Esquiar Jugar Montar Nadar Pasar tiempo Patinar And several more! IN SPANISH: The last letter or letters of the verb tell you who does the action. IN SPANISH: To change an INFINITIVE to a form that tells who is doing the action, remove the -ar and add the appropriate ending. IN SPANISH: This action is called CONJUGATION TO STUDY (English) I study You study He She it studies We study They study ESTUDIAR (Spanish) Yo Tú Ud. Él Ella estudio Nosotros estudiamos Nosotras estudias Vosotros estudáis Vosotras Uds. estudia Ellos estudian Ellas STEM / ENDING For every INFINITIVE in Spanish there is a STEM and an ENDING. STEM / ENDING For example, for “estudiar,”…”estudi” is the stem. “ar” is the ending. STEM / ENDING So, the endings for -ar verbs are: o, as, a, amos, áis, an THE VOSOTROS Verb forms ending in áis, such as estudiáis, are used mainly in the country of Spain only. Let’s CONJUGATE Some more -ar verbs! TOCAR Yo toco Tú tocas Ud. Él Ella toca Nosotros nosotras Vosotros vosotras Uds. Ellos Ellas tocamos tocáis tocan Enseñar Nosotros enseñamos Yo enseño Tú enseñas Vosotros enseñáis Ud. Él Ella enseña Uds. Ellos Ellas enseñan NEGATING A SENTENCE When you want to say that you do not do something, use no before the verb form NEGATING A SENTENCE Yo no cocino en la clase de educación física. ASKING A QUESTION When we ask a question in Spanish, we usually put the subject after the verb or sometimes at the end of the sentence. ASKING A QUESTION Cocina Juan en la clase de ciencias? Estudia mucho Paulina? Verb Subject