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Download INTRANSITIVE (LAAZIM) AND TRANSITIVE (MOTA`DY) VERBS
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QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 19 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali INTRANSITIVE (LAAZIM) AND TRANSITIVE (MOTA’DY) VERBS Every verb needs a verbal subject فاعلand it is either: َ المعل ُم A. Apparent, for example: ون س ِّ َ َ َجلThe teachers sat down B. Hidden, for example: ( اِّلعَبplay) where the ‘you’ أنتis hidden. There are two types of verbs: A. Intransitive (LAAZIM: A verb that suffices itself with a verbal subject (subject فاعلand does not need an object مفعول به. • For example: ُ( جا َء الولَدThe boy came.) , ُش َج َرة َّ ت ال ِّ أث َم َر B. Transitive: A verb that doe not suffice itself with a verbal subject (subject )فاعل, rather it needs an object مفعول بهas well. For example: ً س َرالخا ِّد ُم ٳبريقا َ َکThe servant broke a pitcher , بَ َريتَ القَلَ ََم A verb is intransitive if it denotes A natural characteristic as in , ش ُج َع َ A form as in , طا َل A color as in , ق َ َز ِّر A defect as in , ع ِّو َر َ َ A decoration as in , َغ ِّيد َ being clean as in ,ط ُه َر Being unclean as in , قَذُ َر being full as in , ش ِّب َع َ and different natural states such as .ض َ َم ِّر THE DIVISION OF THE VERB INTO PASSIVE AND ACTIVE • MABNI LIL MAJHOOL (unknown-passive) and MABI LIL MALOOM (known-active) • An active verb is a verb whose verbal subject ()فاعل is mentioned with it. • For example: ًالولَدُتُفا َحة َ قَ َطthe boy picked an apple) َ ف • A passive verb is a verb whose verbal subject ()فاعل is erased while its object (( مفعولtakes the verbal subjects place. • For example: ٌ قُ ِّطفَت تُفا َحةan apple was picked Past tense • A. If the passive verb is in the past tense –the letter before the last letter should be given a kasrah and all of the letters before it that had a vowel should be given a dummah. • F(A)A’L(A) َفعَ َلbecomes F(O)EL(A)ُف ِّع َل َ ُح ِّفhe protected, was • So, َح ِّف َظwould become ظ protected and اِّستَعلَ َمwould become اُستُع ِّل َمhe inquired, was inquired Present tense • If the passive verb is in the present tense – the first letter should be given a dummah and the letter before the last should be given a fathah. • Y (A)F (A) L(O) يَ ْفعَ ُلbecomes Y (O)F (A) L(O)ي ُ ْفعَ ُل ُ َيُحفand يَستَع ِّل ُمwould • So, يَح َف ُظwould become ظ become يُستَعلَ ُم Active (MA’LOOM) & Passive (MAJHOOL) There are two categories of transitive verbs: A. Active: a verb whose verbal subject ( )فاعلis known, for example: ً ( بَری التلميذُ قَلَماThe student sharpened a pencil.) B. Passive: a verb whose verbal subject ( )فاعلis not mentioned and whose object مفعول بهis put in the subject’s place. For example: ي القَلَ ُم َ ( بُ ِّرThe pencil was sharpened.) A passive verb is normally formed from a transitive verb (MOTADDI) and an object takes the place of the verbal subject ( )فاعلafter it is erased from the sentence. For َ (Zayd hit Salīm) example: ً س ِّليما َ ٌب َزيد َ ض َر ُ (Salīm was hit.) becomes س ِّلي ٌم َ ب َ ض ِّر The Hollow verb (the AYN of the verb is a vowel letter). If the letter before the last letter in the Past tense is an alif, it will be changed to a yā’ and the letter before it will be given a kasrah. For example: ِّصي َم. If the verb is a hollow verb in the present tense, the letter before the last is changed into an alif. For example: .ُيُعاد Converting intransitive to transitive • Many trilateral intransitive verbs can be converted to transitive from an intransitive verb if placed into form II or IV. A. ( فَعَّ َلFA’A’LA)This is form II Here the second root letter is doubled. For example: ( َخبَّ َرhe notified) B. أ َ ْفعَ َلThis is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to ْ the beginning of the root. For example: (أخبَ َرhe notified) For example: (دا َمto last) becomes ( أدا َمto make last) or ( ک َُر َمto be honored) becomes ( ک ََّر َمto honor some one). A passive requires an object (MOTADDI) which replaces the فاعل A passive verb is formed from an intransitive verb: A. If it can be made transitive by using a preposition (HARF JARR). For example: اللص الحارس علی ض َ َ( قَبThe guard seized the ِّ ُ thief.) becomes اللص ض علی َ ( قُ ِّبthe thief was seized.) : . ِّ ََََََفيَالعلم َر ِغبت ِ B. If there is a adverbal noun of time or place (ZHARF ZAMAAN or MAKAAN) after the verb. For example: صا َم العَا ِّبد َر َجبًا َ the worshiper fasted [in] RAJABAN.) becomes ب was fasted.) ٌ صي َم َر َجRAJABON ِّ C. If there is an infinitive (MASDAR)after the verb. For example: ً ( احتَفَ َل الجم ُع احتفاالً عظيماThe group celebrated, a great celebration ) becomes ( احت ُ ِّف َل احتفا ٌل عَظي ٌمA great celebration was celebrated) Converting transitive to intransitive • A transitive verb is made intransitive if it is put in the forms of mutawa’ah, for example: فَت َ َج َّم َع.ُج َّمعتُه IMPLIED (MOQADDAR)VOWEL SIGNS Implied vowel signs occur in the following words: A. Nouns and verbs ending in an alif. The dummah, fathah, and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending in an alif. For example: ( الفَتَیyouth) B. Nouns and verbs ending in a yā’ proceeded by a kasrah ; The dummah and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending in a yā’ proceeded by a kasrah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example: اضي ِّ َ( القjudge) C. Verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah. The dummah is implied in verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example: ( يَلهوhe diverts) D. Nouns connected to the first person yā’. The dummah and fathah are implied in nouns connected to the first person yā’, but the kasrah is pronounced. For example: ( أ ُ ِّميmy mother)