Download INTRANSITIVE (LAAZIM) AND TRANSITIVE (MOTA`DY) VERBS

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 19
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
INTRANSITIVE (LAAZIM) AND
TRANSITIVE (MOTA’DY) VERBS
Every verb needs a verbal subject ‫ فاعل‬and it is either:
َ ‫المعل ُم‬
A. Apparent, for example: ‫ون‬
‫س‬
ِّ
َ َ‫ َجل‬The teachers sat down
B. Hidden, for example: ‫( اِّلعَب‬play) where the ‘you’ ‫أنت‬is hidden.
There are two types of verbs:
A. Intransitive (LAAZIM: A verb that suffices itself with a verbal
subject (subject ‫ فاعل‬and does not need an object ‫مفعول به‬.
•
For example: ُ‫( جا َء الولَد‬The boy came.) , ُ‫ش َج َرة‬
َّ ‫ت ال‬
ِّ ‫أث َم َر‬
B. Transitive: A verb that doe not suffice itself with a verbal
subject (subject ‫ )فاعل‬, rather it needs an object ‫ مفعول به‬as
well.
For example: ً ‫س َرالخا ِّد ُم ٳبريقا‬
َ ‫ َک‬The servant broke a pitcher ,
‫بَ َريتَ القَلَ ََم‬
A verb is intransitive if it denotes
A natural characteristic as in , ‫ش ُج َع‬
َ
A form as in , ‫طا َل‬
A color as in , ‫ق‬
َ ‫َز ِّر‬
A defect as in , ‫ع ِّو َر‬
َ
َ
A decoration as in , َ‫غ ِّيد‬
َ
being clean as in ,‫ط ُه َر‬
Being unclean as in , ‫قَذُ َر‬
being full as in , ‫ش ِّب َع‬
َ
and different natural states such as .‫ض‬
َ ‫َم ِّر‬
THE DIVISION OF THE VERB INTO
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
• MABNI LIL MAJHOOL (unknown-passive) and MABI
LIL MALOOM (known-active)
• An active verb is a verb whose verbal subject (‫)فاعل‬
is mentioned with it.
• For example: ً‫الولَدُتُفا َحة‬
َ ‫ قَ َط‬the boy picked an apple)
َ ‫ف‬
• A passive verb is a verb whose verbal subject (‫)فاعل‬
is erased while its object (‫( مفعول‬takes the verbal
subjects place.
• For example: ٌ‫ قُ ِّطفَت تُفا َحة‬an apple was picked
Past tense
• A. If the passive verb is in the past tense –the
letter before the last letter should be given a
kasrah and all of the letters before it that had
a vowel should be given a dummah.
• F(A)A’L(A) ‫ َفعَ َل‬becomes F(O)EL(A)‫ُف ِّع َل‬
َ ‫ ُح ِّف‬he protected, was
• So, ‫ َح ِّف َظ‬would become ‫ظ‬
protected and ‫اِّستَعلَ َم‬would become ‫اُستُع ِّل َم‬he
inquired, was inquired
Present tense
• If the passive verb is in the present tense – the first
letter should be given a dummah and the letter
before the last should be given a fathah.
• Y (A)F (A) L(O)‫ يَ ْفعَ ُل‬becomes Y (O)F (A) L(O)‫ي ُ ْفعَ ُل‬
ُ َ‫يُحف‬and ‫يَستَع ِّل ُم‬would
• So, ‫ يَح َف ُظ‬would become ‫ظ‬
become ‫يُستَعلَ ُم‬
Active (MA’LOOM) &
Passive (MAJHOOL)
There are two categories of transitive verbs:
A. Active: a verb whose verbal subject (‫ )فاعل‬is known, for
example: ً ‫( بَری التلميذُ قَلَما‬The student sharpened a pencil.)
B. Passive: a verb whose verbal subject (‫ )فاعل‬is not mentioned
and whose object ‫ مفعول به‬is put in the subject’s place.
For example: ‫ي القَلَ ُم‬
َ ‫( بُ ِّر‬The pencil was sharpened.)
A passive verb is normally formed from a transitive verb
(MOTADDI) and an object takes the place of the verbal
subject (‫ )فاعل‬after it is erased from the sentence. For
َ (Zayd hit Salīm)
example: ً ‫س ِّليما‬
َ ٌ‫ب َزيد‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
ُ (Salīm was hit.)
becomes ‫س ِّلي ٌم‬
َ ‫ب‬
َ ‫ض ِّر‬
The Hollow verb (the AYN of the verb
is a vowel letter).
If the letter before the last letter in the Past
tense is an alif, it will be changed to a yā’ and
the letter before it will be given a kasrah.
For example:‫ ِّصي َم‬.
If the verb is a hollow verb in the present
tense, the letter before the last is changed
into an alif.
For example: .ُ‫يُعاد‬
Converting intransitive to transitive
•
Many trilateral intransitive verbs can be converted
to transitive from an intransitive verb if placed into
form II or IV.
A. ‫( فَعَّ َل‬FA’A’LA)This is form II Here the second root
letter is doubled. For example: ‫( َخبَّ َر‬he notified)
B. ‫أ َ ْفعَ َل‬This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to
ْ
the beginning of the root. For example: ‫(أخبَ َر‬he
notified)
For example: ‫(دا َم‬to last) becomes ‫( أدا َم‬to make last) or
‫( ک َُر َم‬to be honored) becomes ‫( ک ََّر َم‬to honor some
one).
A passive requires an object (MOTADDI) which replaces
the ‫فاعل‬
A passive verb is formed from an intransitive verb:
A. If it can be made transitive by using a preposition (HARF
JARR).
For example: ‫اللص‬
‫الحارس علی‬
‫ض‬
َ َ‫( قَب‬The guard seized the
ِّ
ُ
thief.) becomes ‫اللص‬
‫ض علی‬
َ ‫( قُ ِّب‬the thief was seized.) : .
ِّ
َََََ‫َفيَالعلم‬
‫َر ِغبت‬
ِ
B. If there is a adverbal noun of time or place (ZHARF ZAMAAN
or MAKAAN) after the verb.
For example: ‫صا َم العَا ِّبد َر َجبًا‬
َ the worshiper fasted [in]
RAJABAN.) becomes ‫ب‬
was fasted.)
ٌ ‫صي َم َر َج‬RAJABON
ِّ
C. If there is an infinitive (MASDAR)after the verb. For
example: ً ‫( احتَفَ َل الجم ُع احتفاالً عظيما‬The group celebrated, a great
celebration ) becomes ‫( احت ُ ِّف َل احتفا ٌل عَظي ٌم‬A great celebration
was celebrated)
Converting transitive to intransitive
• A transitive verb is made intransitive if it is
put in the forms of mutawa’ah, for example:
‫فَت َ َج َّم َع‬.ُ‫ج َّمعتُه‬
IMPLIED (MOQADDAR)VOWEL SIGNS
Implied vowel signs occur in the following words:
A. Nouns and verbs ending in an alif.
The dummah, fathah, and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs
ending in an alif. For example: ‫( الفَتَی‬youth)
B. Nouns and verbs ending in a yā’ proceeded by a kasrah ;
The dummah and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending
in a yā’ proceeded by a kasrah, but the fathah is pronounced.
For example: ‫اضي‬
ِّ َ‫( الق‬judge)
C. Verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah.
The dummah is implied in verbs ending in a wāw proceeded
by a dummah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example:
‫( يَلهو‬he diverts)
D. Nouns connected to the first person yā’.
The dummah and fathah are implied in nouns connected to
the first person yā’, but the kasrah is pronounced. For
example: ‫( أ ُ ِّمي‬my mother)