Download Capitulum Tertium

Capitulum Tertium
Stuff to learn in this chapter:
• What verbs do and how to use them;
• How to use the accusative case ending;
• More about pronouns, personal, relative and
interrogative;
• How to ask why and to give a reason;
• Other stuff
Verbum – pars ōrātiōnis
• A verb is a part of speech (pars ōrātīonis) that:
expresses an action or a state;
describes what someone or something does or that
something exists or occurs.
Examples of Verbs
Exempla Verbōrum
Verbs that end in –at:
Cantat – Iūlia cantat: “lalla, lalla, lalla.”
Pulsat – Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.
Plōrat – Iam Iūlia plōrat: “Uhuhuhu!”
Vocat – Iūlia mātrem vocat: “Mamma!”
Interrogat – Aemilia interrogat: Ubi est...?”
Verberat – Iūlius Mārcum verberat.
Exempla Verbōrum
Verbs that end in –et:
Rīdet – Mārcus rīdet quia Iūlia plōrat.
Videt – Quīntus Marcum videt.
Respondet – Mārcus respondet: “Pater dormit.”
Exempla Verbōrum
Verbs that end in –it:
Venit – Cūr nōn Iūlius venit? Dormit.
Dormit – Iūlius eum nōn audit, quia dormit.
Audit - Aemilia Quīntum nōn audit, quia Mārcus plōrat.
Accūsātīvus
Subject
Object Verb
Marcus
Iūliam Pulsat
masc.
Nom. -us
Acc.
fem.
-a
-um
-am
Transitive Verbs
Verbs like pulsat, videt, vocat, which are used with an object
in the accusative are called transitive verbs.
Verbs without an object, like rīdet, plōrat, dormit, are called
intransitive verbs.
Prōnōmina
Iūlia plōrat quia Mārcus eam pulsat.
“eam” is a Fem. Acc. pronoun standing in for “Iūliam”.
Mārcus plōrat quia Aemilia eum verberat.
“eum” is a Masc. Acc. pronoun standing in for “Mārcum”.
Why? and because
Cūr asks for an explanation or reason; we can think of it basically as
“why” - it’s an interrogative adjective
Quia is the introductory word for the reason or explanation – it’s a
causal conjunction.
E.G.: Aemilia interrogat: “Cūr Iūlia plōrat?” et Quīntus respondet:
“Plōrat, quia eam Mārcus pulsat.
What do you do when the subject isn’t
there?
Look at lines 36, 43 and 58. Clauses or sentences on those
lines are missing any nominative noun or pronoun.
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*
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Rule: When the identity of the subject is known, because the
context shows who it is, it is not necessary to repeat it or
replace it with a pronoun.
Et, Sed  Neque
If we wanted to say something like: “Quintus is a good boy
and doesn’t hit Julia.” instead of saying “et nōn” we use
the word “neque” like this: Quīntus est puer probus neque
pulsat Iūliam.
Same thing with “but not”: Iūlius venit, neque Aemilia eum
videt.
Relative Pronoun
Nominative Puer quī videt Mārcum est Quīntus.
Puella quae plōrat est Iūlia.
Accusative –
Puer quem videt Quīntus est Marcus
Puella quam pulsat Mārcus est Iūlia