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Pronouns Pronouns and Antecedents defined A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun An antecedent is the word which the pronoun replaces Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in: Case (nominative or objective?) Number (singular or plural?) Subjects and Predicate Pronouns Remember that subjects of verbs—no matter where they’re located in the sentence—need to be in nominative case. Have Roger and he joined the band? Also remember that predicate nominatives will always be in nominative case, even if its sounds awkward. Have you seen the new music supervisor? That is she coming into the auditorium. Subject of the Infinitive The subject of the infinitive is always in the objective case. The Curtises have invited Pat and me to spend a week at their camp in Maine. Objects Direct and indirect objects of verbs and objects of the preposition are always in objective case. Appositives An appositive is in the same case as the noun or pronoun to which it refers Both cartoonists, Steve Adams and she, are working on the yearbook. Who was the director of the one-act play, Aaron or she? We, Us In some sentences, nouns (or pronouns) are in apposition with pronouns We skiers enjoyed our trip to the White Mountains. Let’s you and me wax our skis this afternoon. (Let’s is a contraction for let us. Us is in the objective case. Since you and me equal us, they need to be in the objective case as well.) Pronouns with AND, OR or NOR When you use a pair of pronouns or a noun and a pronoun joined by and, or, or nor, say what you would say with each alone. Gail and I swam out to Loon Island yesterday. The Martins invited Ted and me. Jim didn’t send a card to her or me. Just between you and me, it stinks in here. Who, Whom, Whoever, Whomever The choice of who or whom and whoever or whomever depends upon the use of the pronoun in its own clause. The choice is governed by the words which follow the pronoun, not by those which precede it. I gave the money to whoever asked for it. Who, Whom, Whoever, Whomever Sentences with such expressions as I think, we know, do you suppose, he hopes are especially troublesome. The man who I believed was the thief proved to be a detective. [The clauses are 1) the man proved to be the detective, 2) who was the thief, and 3) I believed. Who is the subject of was.] Who, Whom, Whoever, Whomever Rearranging an inverted sentence in the natural order will help you decide whether to use the nominative or objective form. (Who, whom) do you think stole the jewels? You do think who stole the jewels? When who or whoever is a predicate pronoun or the subject of a verb, do not let a preceding verb or preposition trick you into using the objective form whom or whomever. Somebody knew who the thief was. Stop whoever comes along. Chris and Ron were arguing about who could throw the fastest ball. Compound Personal Pronouns Pronouns ending in self (selves) are used for emphasis and for reference to the subject. Pronouns ending in self or selves will never be subjects. Did Mary make the bookcase herself? Hence, Pat and myself want to be airplane pilots is WRONG! There is no such word as hisself or theirselves. Pronouns and Their Antecedents A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number, person, and gender. Always use singular pronouns to refer to each, every, neither, many a, a person, one, and compounds of body and one. Every woman on the Olympic team hoped to better her distance. In winter every stem and branch of a tree is kept warm by (its, their) bark. Does everybody have (their, his) book? OR, NOR Use singular pronouns to refer to two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor. Either Joan or Kathie will lend you her sunglasses. Neither Bart nor Charlie can make up (their, his) mind about the best picnic spot. Collective Nouns A collective noun takes a singular pronoun when the group is thought of and a plural pronoun when the individuals are thought of. The football team lost its mascot. The football team did their best to find Whiskers before the game. More on Collective Nouns Use a singular pronoun when: the group is acting in unison the members of the group act as a single unit Consider, for example, a family suing a local factory for having polluted the drinking water and caused the premature death of a child by cancer. The family is suing for damages. [They’re acting as a single unit] Use a plural pronoun when: everyone in the group is doing his own thing the members of the group are each acting as individuals. What if we imagine our litigious family arguing with each other about how much compensation to ask for? The family are arguing about damages. [The members are acting individually.] More on Collective Nouns SINGULAR PLURAL Ex 1: Every afternoon the baseball team follows its coach out to the hot field to practice. Ex 2: Today, Dr. Ribley's class takes its first test. Ex 3: The jury agrees that the state prosecutors did not provide enough evidence, so its verdict is not guilty. Ex 1: After practice, the team shower, change into their street clothes, and head to their air-conditioned homes. Ex 2: After the exam, the class finish their research papers on famous mathematicians at home. Ex 3: The jury disagree about the guilt of the accused and have told the judge that they are hopelessly deadlocked. The Right Relative Pronoun Who and whom refer to persons or to animals thought of as intelligent beings; which to animals or things and occasionally to collective nouns referring to persons; that to persons, animals, or things.