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Mad Lib: Tournament! Take one of the “mad libs” Fill out side 1 Use the words you filled out on side 1 to fill in side 2! Read in groups of 4, decide (by vote) whose is best (funniest/most accurate)! You cannot vote for your own “Tell Your Story” Take your story back. Highlight the SUBJECT and the VERB of each sentence (remember to disregard HERE/THERE/WHERE, and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES). Review: Subjects & Verbs Subjects perform the action – nouns/pronouns - are NOT in prepositional phrases - are NOT there/where/here (adverbs) - usually early in the sentence but can come after the verb Verbs ARE the action Objects receive the action. Subject/Verb Agreement Review: Subject/verb Agreement 1. 2. 3. Identify the subject (remove all prepositional phrases, there/where/here, and appositive phrases) Is the subject an “It” (singular) or a “They” (plural)? Choose the verb that matches (remember general rule: if the subject has an –s/-es, then the verb won’t!) Avoiding Sentence Fragments Making Sure Your Sentences Are Complete Chapter 5, pg 78 Talking in fragments Many times, when we speak, we use fragments. By the context, we can tell what the other person means. Doug: Had any test results yet? Nelida: Nothing statistically significant. Doug: Not good. Nelida: Back to step one. Talking in fragments However, when we write (unless we are directly quoting a conversation), we need to formalize the writing. By the context, we can tell what the other person means. Doug: Have you had any test results yet? Nelida: The results weren’t statistically significant. Doug: That is not good. Nelida: We will have to go back to step one. Complete Sentences To be complete, a sentence must have a subject and a verb and express a completed idea. Note: It has a capital letter at the beginning and punctuation such as a period, exclamation point or question mark at the end. (= full stop) Example: •My homework is taking every waking hour. Complete sentence! INCLUDES •Subject (My homework) •Verb (is taking) and •Expresses a complete idea (every waking hour). So all you have to remember is: A sentence is not complete or correct, unless It has a subject, it has a verb, and it expresses a completed idea. Fragment A Fragment is piece of a sentence can be missing a subject, can be missing a verb, or can fail to express a completed idea. Fragments The architect to my office. No VERB: Doesn’t express the action Brought the plans to my office. No SUBJECT: Doesn’t explain who or what The architect brought. No COMPLETED IDEA. Brought what? Understanding Fragments (Exercise 2, pg 81) Identify if the subject, verb, both, or if the statement does not reflect a complete thought. 1. returned to the river No subject: Doesn’t explain who or what 2. a bird on the oak branch No verb: Doesn’t express the action 3. between the island and the main land Missing subject AND the verb SO What is a Fragment? The subject is missing. The verb is missing the hunter in the woods Both subject and verb are missing is setting the trap in the woods All parts present but not a complete thought The hunter set How do you correct a fragment? Pg 81 1. 2. Add the missing parts! Join the fragment to the sentence where it belongs. Exercise 2, pg 81-82 to the 1. returned We returned to sea the (add sea. a subject) 2. on the (add a verb) 2. Aa bird was onoak thebranch oak branch. 3. between thebetween island and mainland 3. We swam thethe island and the (add a subj. and a verb) mainland. 4. the hawk a soaring motionmotion. (add a verb. 4. The hawk in flew in a soaring 5. the fishing boats in the harbor (verb) 5. The fishing boats were in the harbor. 1. Exercise 2, pg 82 6. It dropped a stone water. dropped likelike a stone intointo thethe water. 7. The the crescent crescent moon moon (verb) rose. 8. thecarried fish to the the fish treeto (subj) 8. carried The hawk the tree. 9. put (complete 9 +the 10.fisherman The fisherman put the the fishthough). into 10.the intonet. the net (add a subj and a verb) Correcting a Fragment 1. Add the missing part(s) OR 2. Join the fragment to the sentence. Phrases A phrase is a group of words belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence. Phrases There are 6 types of phrases. We are going to skip over them and focus on fragments. (We will come back to phrases, don’t worry) Turn to page 92 Exercise 13, pg 92 Early morning time of of peace peace in in my my 1. 1.Early morning is aa time neighborhood. neighborhood. 2.2. The coveringup upall allbut butthe the Thegray graymist mistiscovering faint outlines of nearby houses. Exercise 13, pg 92 Thebarely shapes of cars theshapes streetsofand 3. 3. I can make outinthe driveways cars in the streets and driveways 4.4. Often if and I have theout time, sit and look To sit look the Iwindow out the window. Test 2, pg 95 afternoon fullchildren. of children. ThatThat afternoon was was full of Taking a Taking a shower in the rain. Soaping shower in the rain, they were soaping themselves rushing out into the to themselves and and rushing out into the storm Tosuds. washInoffa the In ait few washstorm. off the few suds. minutes was all it was over. Including the over,minutes including the all rubdown. The younger rubdown. The younger took their children took their showers children naked. They showers naked. on and the tips of teetered on the tips Teetering of their toes their toes andanother. squealing at one another. squealing at one How To Check for Fragments Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence. EXAMPLE: It is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.) Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.) Watch Out for a Common Trap! Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence. Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself. FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought. But you knew that, because you remembered that… …a sentence is not complete or correct, unless It has a subject; • it has a verb, • and it expresses a completed idea. • A note about words A word is just a word until it performs a function in a sentence. Some words can be used as nouns, adjectives, prepositions, interjections AND verbs! Focus less on the word itself and MORE on the job it does in a sentence. Describes a noun? Its an ADJECTIVE! Performs the action? Is the SUBJECT! Is the action? It’s a VERB! Wewt! Phrases: Pg 84 Phrases formed with VERBS that don’t function as Verbs! Infinitive phrase (to + verb) Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective) Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun) Phrases: Pg 84 Infinitive phrases Multiple words that function as a noun Infinitive continue this argument would be Phrase To ________________________ useless. She began to move gracefully. Infinitive __________________ Phrase Infinitive or Prepositional? An Infinitive is the basic form of a verb "To jump“ "To ask“ A prepositional phrase describes time, location, possession (where, when, and whose) "In“ "Over“ "Around" "Beside" Practice, pg 85 INF 1. PP 2. INF 3. INF 4. PP 5. I stopped by his office to say goodbye. The trail of evidence led directly to him. We were lucky to have discovered his fraudulent activities. The manager had forced him to tell the truth. His leaving will be a relief to the staff. Participial Phrase Uses a participle (the –ing form of a verb) to perform the function of an adjective in a sentence Base verb + ing Run + ing Running Subject Verb Running home, he __ cried ____ to his mom! ________ Infinitive Phrase Participial Phrase Subject Verb ________ _____ ___ Running home, the worker lost her wallet. Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb Looking very unhappy, ___ she _______ retraced her ____________ steps. Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb Greatly disappointed, she not find ____________ ___ could ___________ Infinitive Phrase it. Subject Verb _______ Told tearfully, the story ____ saddened ________ her. Infinitive Phrase Gerund phrase Using the present participle (verb+ing) as a NOUN Verb Long distance running is _ a strenuous ____________ exercise. Gerund phrase as SUBJECT Subj Verb I ___ like _____________ long-distance running. _ Gerund phrase as object. Practice, pg 86 P 1. G 2. G 3. P 4. P 5. Standing totally still, the child hoped the bee would fly away. Playing the violin is not easy. The athlete will try deep-sea diving. Waiting patiently, we ordered something to drink. Edited slowly and carefully, the essay was much improved Exercise 4 pg 86-87 In the past, play was usually Prepos. unsupervised. 2. Parents seldom made “play dates” for Verb their children. phrase 3. Playing on the street or in a vacant lot Gerund was the norm. 4. Expecting to be entertained, children Participial today often complain about being phrase bored 1. Exercise 4 pg 86-87 5. They depend on video games to infinitive structure their time. 6. Parents are spending money on too Verb phr many movies and video games. Prep 7. What is wrong with boredom? 8. Blessed with restless energy, children could find more creative ways to play Participial phrase Present Participle: 3 Functions When can I use –ing? 1. Verb!Subject 1. 2. The _____ student ________ was taking an exam. Participial Phrase! 1. 3. Verb Verb Taking an exam, the student felt stressed. _____ ___ Gerund Phrase! Subject 1. Subject Verb Taking an exam can be stressful. ___________ _____ Phrases (pg 80) Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words completing the phrase. Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other words that complete the phrase. Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that complete the phrase Common Fragment Types APPOSITIVE PHRASE: Words that explain or add extra information I tried everything I could think of to get an A. Such as bribing the professor. I tried everything I could think of to get an A, such as bribing the professor. Correct Common Fragment Types PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE I hope to complete the requirements for my major. By the end of next semester. Correct I hope to complete the requirements for my major by the end of next semester. Common Fragment Types INCOMPLETE VERBS: past or present participles without the helping verb The student sleeping in the back row. The student was sleeping in the back row. Correct Common Fragment Types Dependent Clause: Group of words that contains a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought because of the beginning word. I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired. I kept working on my essay, although I was tired. Correct One Common Problem Area It is OK for a subject to be a pronoun. Example: I can’t decide what to do. It is a difficult situation. Subject: It Verb: Is Completed idea: a difficult situation As long as there is a word that acts as subject (it) the sentence fits the “subject/verb/completed idea” formula. How To Check for Fragments Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence. EXAMPLE: It is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.) Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.) Watch Out for a Common Trap! Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence. Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself. FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought. But you knew that, because you remembered that… …a sentence is not complete or correct, unless It has a subject; • it has a verb, • and it expresses a completed idea. • Developing Paragraphs: Illustration Chapter 18, pg 352 Where can we find examples? Personal experience/knowledge Imagination Interviews and surveys Outside research Look @ pg 354, read Exercise 1. What kind of illustration is each? Illustration Examples A method of developing an idea by providing one or more instances of that idea. Clarify the idea Make the idea more convincing Make an abstract idea more concrete Sources for Illustration Pg 355, Exercise 2 Give Examples (Illustration) for the topic sentence: “Many advertising claims are deceptive” What order should I put it in? time-order if the example is a story Spatial order (left to right, top to bottom) Logical order If no order seems necessary, put your strongest example last. Why don’t these Women.. 682 Choose a partner Decide which paragraph is the MOST IMPORTANT illustration (example) Once you’ve decided, analyze the TITLE. What does it MEAN? Why phrase it that way (“these” women)? Homework Do the exercises and activities up to pg 331. For your journal assignment, CHOOSE one ASSIGNMENT from pgs 332-335. Write a illustrative paragraph about one of the topics suggested. You will be graded on your illustration, and use of our vocabulary words/ grammar that we have covered so far.