Download Correct and Complete Sentences

Mad Lib: Tournament!




Take one of the “mad libs”
Fill out side 1
Use the words you filled out on side 1 to fill
in side 2!
Read in groups of 4, decide (by vote)
whose is best (funniest/most accurate)!

You cannot vote for your own
“Tell Your Story”


Take your story back.
Highlight the SUBJECT and the VERB
of each sentence (remember to
disregard HERE/THERE/WHERE,
and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES).
Review: Subjects & Verbs
Subjects perform the action –
nouns/pronouns
- are NOT in prepositional phrases
- are NOT there/where/here (adverbs)
- usually early in the sentence but can
come after the verb
Verbs ARE the action
Objects receive the action.
Subject/Verb Agreement
Review: Subject/verb
Agreement
1.
2.
3.
Identify the subject
(remove all prepositional
phrases, there/where/here, and appositive phrases)
Is the subject an “It” (singular) or a
“They” (plural)?
Choose the verb that matches
(remember general rule: if the subject has an –s/-es, then the
verb won’t!)
Avoiding Sentence Fragments
Making Sure Your
Sentences Are Complete
Chapter 5, pg 78
Talking in fragments

Many times, when we speak, we use
fragments.

By the context, we can tell what the other
person means.




Doug: Had any test results yet?
Nelida: Nothing statistically significant.
Doug: Not good.
Nelida: Back to step one.
Talking in fragments

However, when we write (unless we are
directly quoting a conversation), we
need to formalize the writing.

By the context, we can tell what the other
person means.




Doug: Have you had any test results yet?
Nelida: The results weren’t statistically
significant.
Doug: That is not good.
Nelida: We will have to go back to step one.
Complete Sentences
To be complete, a sentence must have



a subject
and
a verb
and
express a completed idea.
Note: It has a capital letter at the beginning and punctuation such
as a period, exclamation point or question mark at the end.
(= full stop)
Example:
•My homework is taking every waking hour.
Complete sentence!
INCLUDES
•Subject (My homework)
•Verb (is taking)
and
•Expresses a complete idea (every waking
hour).
So all you have to remember is:
A sentence is not complete or
correct, unless

It has a subject,

it has a verb,

and it expresses a
completed idea.
Fragment
A Fragment is piece of a sentence

can be missing a subject,
 can be missing a verb,
 or can fail to express a
completed idea.
Fragments
The architect to my office.
 No VERB: Doesn’t express the action
Brought the plans to my office.
 No SUBJECT: Doesn’t explain who or what
The architect brought.
 No COMPLETED IDEA. Brought what?
Understanding Fragments
(Exercise 2, pg 81)
Identify if the subject, verb, both, or if the
statement does not reflect a complete thought.
1. returned to the river
 No subject: Doesn’t explain who or what
2. a bird on the oak branch
 No verb: Doesn’t express the action
3. between the island and the main land
 Missing subject AND the verb
SO What is a Fragment?

The subject is missing.


The verb is missing


the hunter in the woods
Both subject and verb are missing


is setting the trap
in the woods
All parts present but not a complete
thought

The hunter set
How do you correct a
fragment? Pg 81
1.
2.
Add the missing parts!
Join the fragment to the sentence
where it belongs.
Exercise 2, pg 81-82
to the
1. returned
We returned
to sea
the (add
sea. a subject)
2.
on the
(add a verb)
2. Aa bird was
onoak
thebranch
oak branch.
3.
between
thebetween
island and
mainland
3. We
swam
thethe
island
and the
(add
a subj. and a verb)
mainland.
4.
the hawk
a soaring
motionmotion.
(add a verb.
4. The
hawk in
flew
in a soaring
5. the fishing boats in the harbor (verb)
5. The fishing boats were in the harbor.
1.
Exercise 2, pg 82
6. It
dropped
a stone
water.
dropped
likelike
a stone
intointo
thethe
water.
7. The
the crescent
crescent moon
moon (verb)
rose.
8.
thecarried
fish to the
the fish
treeto
(subj)
8. carried
The hawk
the tree.
9.
put (complete
9 +the
10.fisherman
The fisherman
put the the
fishthough).
into
10.the
intonet.
the net (add a subj and a verb)
Correcting a Fragment
1.
Add the missing part(s)
OR
2.
Join the fragment to the sentence.
Phrases

A phrase is a group of words belonging
together but lacking one or more of the
three elements necessary for a
sentence.
Phrases



There are 6 types of phrases.
We are going to skip over them and focus on
fragments. (We will come back to phrases,
don’t worry)
Turn to page 92
Exercise 13, pg 92
Early
morning
time of
of peace
peace in
in my
my
1. 1.Early
morning
is aa time
neighborhood.
neighborhood.
2.2. The
coveringup
upall
allbut
butthe
the
Thegray
graymist
mistiscovering
faint outlines of nearby houses.
Exercise 13, pg 92
Thebarely
shapes
of cars
theshapes
streetsofand
3. 3.
I can
make
outinthe
driveways
cars
in the streets and driveways
4.4.
Often
if and
I have
theout
time,
sit and look
To sit
look
the Iwindow
out the window.
Test 2, pg 95
afternoon
fullchildren.
of children.
ThatThat
afternoon
was was
full of
Taking a
Taking
a shower
in the
rain.
Soaping
shower
in the
rain, they
were
soaping
themselves
rushing
out into
the to
themselves
and and
rushing
out into
the storm
Tosuds.
washInoffa the
In ait few
washstorm.
off the
few suds.
minutes
was all
it was
over. Including
the
over,minutes
including
the all
rubdown.
The younger
rubdown.
The younger
took their
children
took their
showers children
naked. They
showers
naked.
on and
the tips of
teetered
on the
tips Teetering
of their toes
their toes
andanother.
squealing at one another.
squealing
at one
How To Check for Fragments
Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the
possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a
complete sentence.
EXAMPLE:
It is difficult. Fragment or sentence?
It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a
fragment.)
Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence?
It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t
make sense so is a fragment.)
Watch Out for a Common Trap!
Just because you write a lot of
words, you don’t necessarily have
a complete sentence.
Although I have tried many ways to get
an “A”, such as paying off the professor
and offering to carry her books to class
each day and assuring her that I love my
writing class more than life itself.
FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although”
idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.
But you knew that, because you
remembered that…
…a sentence is not complete or correct,
unless
It has a subject;
• it has a verb,
• and it expresses a
completed idea.
•
A note about words



A word is just a word until it performs a
function in a sentence.
Some words can be used as nouns,
adjectives, prepositions, interjections
AND verbs!
Focus less on the word itself and MORE
on the job it does in a sentence.



Describes a noun? Its an ADJECTIVE!
Performs the action? Is the SUBJECT!
Is the action? It’s a VERB! Wewt!
Phrases: Pg 84

Phrases formed with VERBS that don’t
function as Verbs!



Infinitive phrase (to + verb)
Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective)
Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the
`-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)
Phrases: Pg 84

Infinitive phrases
Multiple words that function as a noun
Infinitive
continue this argument would be
Phrase  To
________________________
useless.
 She began to
move gracefully. Infinitive
__________________

Phrase
Infinitive or Prepositional?

An Infinitive is the basic form of a verb


"To jump“
"To ask“
A prepositional phrase describes time,
location, possession (where, when,
and whose)

"In“
"Over“
"Around"
"Beside"
Practice, pg 85
INF 1.
PP
2.
INF
3.
INF
4.
PP
5.
I stopped by his office to say goodbye.
The trail of evidence led directly to him.
We were lucky to have discovered his
fraudulent activities.
The manager had forced him to tell the
truth.
His leaving will be a relief to the staff.
Participial Phrase


Uses a participle (the –ing form of a
verb) to perform the function of an
adjective in a sentence
Base verb + ing

Run
+ ing
Running

Subject Verb
Running home, he
__ cried
____ to his mom!
________
Infinitive
Phrase
Participial Phrase
Subject

Verb
________
_____ ___
Running home, the worker
lost her
wallet. Infinitive
Phrase
Subject Verb



Looking
very unhappy, ___
she _______
retraced her
____________
steps. Infinitive Phrase
Subject
Verb
Greatly disappointed, she
not find
____________
___ could
___________
Infinitive Phrase
it.
Subject
Verb
_______
Told
tearfully, the story
____ saddened
________ her.
Infinitive Phrase
Gerund phrase

Using the present participle (verb+ing)
as a NOUN
Verb

Long distance running is
_ a strenuous
____________
exercise. Gerund phrase as SUBJECT
Subj Verb
I ___
like _____________
long-distance running.
_
Gerund phrase as object.
Practice, pg 86
P 1.
G 2.
G 3.
P 4.
P 5.
Standing totally still, the child hoped
the bee would fly away.
Playing the violin is not easy.
The athlete will try deep-sea diving.
Waiting patiently, we ordered
something to drink.
Edited slowly and carefully, the essay
was much improved
Exercise 4 pg 86-87
In the past, play was usually
Prepos. unsupervised.
2. Parents seldom made “play dates” for
Verb
their
children.
phrase
3. Playing on the street or in a vacant lot
Gerund was the norm.
4. Expecting to be entertained, children
Participial today often complain about being
phrase bored
1.
Exercise 4 pg 86-87
5. They depend on video games to
infinitive
structure their time.
6. Parents are spending money on too
Verb phr many movies and video games.
Prep 7. What is wrong with boredom?
8. Blessed with restless energy, children
could find more creative ways to play
Participial phrase
Present Participle: 3 Functions
When can I use –ing?
1.
Verb!Subject
1.
2.
The _____
student ________
was taking an exam.
Participial Phrase!
1.
3.
Verb
Verb
Taking an exam, the student
felt stressed.
_____ ___
Gerund
Phrase!
Subject
1.
Subject
Verb
Taking
an exam can
be stressful.
___________
_____
Phrases





(pg 80)
Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers
Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers
Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers
Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words
completing the phrase.
Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other
words that complete the phrase.
Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that
complete the phrase
Common Fragment Types
APPOSITIVE PHRASE: Words that
explain or add extra information


I tried everything I could think of to get
an A. Such as bribing the professor.
I tried everything I could think of to get
an A, such as bribing the professor.
Correct
Common Fragment Types
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
 I hope to complete the requirements for
my major. By the end of next semester.

Correct
I hope to complete the requirements for
my major by the end of next semester.
Common Fragment Types
INCOMPLETE VERBS: past or present
participles without the helping verb
 The student sleeping in the back row.

The student was sleeping in the back
row.
Correct
Common Fragment Types
Dependent Clause:
Group of words that contains
a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete
thought because of the beginning word.

I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired.

I kept working on my essay, although I was tired.
Correct
One Common Problem Area

It is OK for a subject to be a pronoun.
Example: I can’t decide what to do. It is a difficult
situation.



Subject: It
Verb: Is
Completed idea: a difficult situation
As long as there is a word that acts as subject (it) the
sentence fits the “subject/verb/completed idea”
formula.
How To Check for Fragments
Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the
possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a
complete sentence.
EXAMPLE:
It is difficult. Fragment or sentence?
It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a
fragment.)
Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence?
It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t
make sense so is a fragment.)
Watch Out for a Common Trap!
Just because you write a lot of
words, you don’t necessarily have
a complete sentence.
Although I have tried many ways to get
an “A”, such as paying off the professor
and offering to carry her books to class
each day and assuring her that I love my
writing class more than life itself.
FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although”
idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.
But you knew that, because you
remembered that…
…a sentence is not complete or correct,
unless
It has a subject;
• it has a verb,
• and it expresses a
completed idea.
•
Developing Paragraphs:
Illustration
Chapter 18, pg 352
Where can we find examples?





Personal experience/knowledge
Imagination
Interviews and surveys
Outside research
Look @ pg 354, read Exercise 1. What
kind of illustration is each?
Illustration


Examples
A method of developing an idea by
providing one or more instances of that
idea.



Clarify the idea
Make the idea more convincing
Make an abstract idea more concrete
Sources for Illustration



Pg 355, Exercise 2
Give Examples (Illustration) for the
topic sentence:
“Many advertising claims are deceptive”
What order should I put it in?




time-order if the example is a story
Spatial order (left to right, top to bottom)
Logical order
If no order seems necessary, put your
strongest example last.
Why don’t these Women.. 682



Choose a partner
Decide which paragraph is the MOST
IMPORTANT illustration (example)
Once you’ve decided, analyze the
TITLE. What does it MEAN? Why phrase
it that way (“these” women)?
Homework




Do the exercises and activities up to pg
331.
For your journal assignment, CHOOSE
one ASSIGNMENT from pgs 332-335.
Write a illustrative paragraph about one
of the topics suggested.
You will be graded on your illustration,
and use of our vocabulary words/
grammar that we have covered so far.