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Painting Pictures with Words 5 Basic Brush Strokes Participle • Definition: Verbs ending in –ing or –ed used to create precise description. • Function--Used as adjectives, participles should be placed as close to the noun they describe in order to engage the reader’s senses and bring the picture to life. Participle • Example: The diamond-scaled snakes attacked their prey. • (individual participles): “Hissing, slithering, and coiling, the diamond scaled snakes attacked their prey.” • “Slithering, hissing, biting, and striking, the diamond-scaled snakes attacked their prey.” • (participle phrase): “Hissing their forked-red tongues and coiling their cold bodies, the diamond-scaled snakes attacked their prey. Participle Practice sentences: Think of actions that are taking place in each sentence. Remember “show” vs “tell” He took his dog for a walk Mary was tired The car went into the parking lot Participle • Application: • Slouching, yelling, scolding and sweating, he took his dog for a walk. • Shuffling, yawning, and blinking, Mary came into the kitchen after a long night of studying. • Turning, spinning, and sliding on the ice, the car went into the parking lot. Practice Time Rewrite each of the following and add participles to each. • The player kicked the ball. • Melody froze when she saw the shadow. • He washed his hands in the ocean. • The clown smiled at the audience. • The kitten yawned. Participle Phrases Rewrite each of the following and add participles to each. • Panting and stretching, the player kicked the ball. • Paralyzed with fear and shaking in her shoes, Melody froze when she saw the shadow. • Laughing and splashing, he washed his hands in the ocean. • Chuckling and playing, the clown smiled at the audience. • Stretching and twisting, the kitten yawned. Absolute • A two-word combination consisting of a noun and an -ing or –ed verb added onto a sentence. • The absolute is always set off by a comma. • Adds to the action of the image. Absolute • Practice sentences: • The car went into the parking lot. • The cat climbed the tree. • Application: Engine smoking, gears grinding, the car went into the parking lot. • “Claws digging, feet kicking, the calico cat climbed the tree.” Absolute • Application: Close your eyes and picture a mountain climber moving along a steep cliff. Visualize: “The mountain climber edged along the cliff.” Absolute • Adding two absolutes: “The mountain climber edged along the cliff, hands shaking, feet trembling.” Or… “Hands shaking, feet trembling, the mountain climber edged along the cliff” Appositive • When you add a secondary image to a noun, or previous image. • An added description that is always set off by a comma. Appositive • Example: Instead of saying ”The raccoon enjoys eating turtle eggs,” it can be enhanced with an appositive: “The raccoon, a midnight scavenger, enjoys eating turtle eggs. Appositive • Practice sentences: Ms. Lark enjoys tormenting kids. Michael Phelps swam with precision. My brother’s car is the envy of all my friends. Appositive • Application: Mean old Ms. Lark, the red-headed Language Arts teacher, enjoys tormenting students. Michael Phelps, a U.S. gold medalist, swam with precision. My brother’s car, a sporty red convertible, is the envy of all my friends. Shifted Adjectives • Instead of placing three adjectives in front of a noun, a good writer will place one in front and put the other two behind the noun. • Examples: ---Weak: The large, red-eyed, angry bull moose charged the intruder. ---Strong: The large bull moose, red-eyed and angry, charged the intruder. Shifting Adjectives • Application: --Weak: The trembling and frightened young pup scooted under the bed during the thunderstorm. --Strong: The young pup, trembling and frightened, scooted under the bed during the thunderstorm. Action Verbs • Go from passive voice to active voice by deleting the “Be” verbs. • By using action verbs, writers cut down on the use of the passive voice and reduce being verbs thus energizing their imagery. Action Verbs • Passive example: The runaway horse was ridden into town by an old, whitewhiskered rancher. • Active example: The old, white-whiskered rancher rode the runaway horse into town. • Passive example: Around the left side of the barn was a gravel road. • Active example: The gravel road curled around the left side of the barn.