* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Painting with Words
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic weak verb wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin conjugation wikipedia , lookup
Kagoshima verb conjugations wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Painting with Words Using the Brush Strokes from Image Grammar Painting with Participles A participle is an -ing verb (usually) tagged on the beginning or end of a sentence. It can also be an -ed verb. Participles are always set off by commas. Participles evoke action. They can also be used to complete the image. Using a single participle creates rapid movement. Participial phrases add detail at a slower pace, but it is equally intense. Participle -ing verb tagged on the beginning or end of a sentence Sample sentence without a participle: “The diamond-scaled snakes attacked their prey.” Sample sentence with a participle: “Hissing, slithering, and coiling, the diamondscaled snakes attacked their prey.” Look what happens to the image when a participial phrase is added: “Hissing their forked red tongues and coiling their cold bodies, the diamond-scaled snakes attacked their prey.” An example of participles and participial phrases from Ernest Hemmingway in Old Man and the Sea: Shifting the weight of the line to his left shoulder and kneeling carefully, he washed his hand in the ocean and held it there, submerged, for more than a minute, watching the blood trail away and the steady movement of the water against his hand as the boat moved. (56-57) Let’s Practice with Participles Complete the sentence by adding a participle or participial phrase. Don’t forget the commas! The Olympic long jumper thrust the weight of his whole body forward. a) Example: Flying through the air on the wings of a dream, the Olympic long jumper thrust the weight of his whole body forward. (Cathleen Conry) Let’s Practice Some More: Add a participle to the sentence to give more detail: Melody froze. A beam of light swung out into the darkness. b) Example: Melody froze, dripping with sweat, hoping with all her might that they wouldn’t hear the noise. A beam of light swung out into the darkness, searching. (Becky Swab) c) The clown smiled and did his act with unusual certainty for someone who had just killed a man. Example: The clown, appearing bright and cheerful, smiled and did his act with unusual certainty for someone who had just killed a man. (Christi Flick) Putting Participles to Use Your Assignment: A- Go through one paragraph of your written piece. 1- Underline all the verbs in one paragraph. 2- After you underline the verbs, add detail about the actions of that image using a participle (verb+ing) at the beginning or end of a sentence. Don’t forget the commas! 3- Do number 4 on your worksheet; find the participles and participial phrases in the three professional examples. 4- Practice adding participles and participial phrases throughout your writing. Putting Participles to Use Your Assignment: B- Using your reading book, go through several pages and identify participles. - In-Class Sharing: Find and write down five examples of participles or participial phrases in literature, also write down a non-example. Be sure to identify the source (author, title, page number). We will share these today. Finding Participles in Literature Identify the participles and participial phrases in the following examples from Fablehaven byBrandon Mull. One of the sentences is a non-example. 1- “Hey!” he shouted, swimming away from her. 2- Gripping the side of the pool, Seth turned to look at her again, throwing up a hand and squinting to ward off the light. 3- As he started climbing out, she shoved him back in. 4- Walking toward the table to retrieve her towel, she stroked her long hair, enjoying the rubbery texture as the wetness made the strands cling together. 5- Shifting her gaze to the table, Kendra froze. Finding Participles in Literature 6- Sprawled on his belly, a cut on one hand, dirt in his mouth, he heard something rustling through the foliage behind him, and a strange sound that was either laughter or running water. 7- Spotlighted by the flashlight, the toddler took a step toward the window and fell to all fours. 8- Disoriented, she ran alongside Seth to the bed, sensing something in pursuit. 9- The maroon goblin cavorted around the room in a feral tantrum, tearing down bookshelves, upsetting toy chests, and snapping the horn off the rocking horse. 10- They waited, looking around, expecting a recurrence of the unusual sound. 11- Holding the front of the flashlight against the windowpane, and cupping a hand around it to minimize reflection, he switched it on. Painting with Absolutes An absolute is a two-word combination of a noun combined with an –ing or -ed verb (participle) added onto a sentence and set off by commas. Or in other words: Noun & verb+-ing Noun + Participle Try this: Close your eyes and picture a mountain climber moving along a steep cliff. Visualize this one sentence description: “The mountain climber edged along the cliff.” Now, listen as I add a brush stroke: “The mountain climber edged along the cliff, hands shaking, feet trembling.” Or in reverse order: “Hands shaking, feet trembling, the mountain climber edged along the cliff.” You can also add an absolute phrase: “Feet trembling on the snow-covered rock, the mountain climber edged along the cliff.” Using Absolutes Boring sentence: The cat climbed the tree. More detailed sentence: Claws digging, feet kicking, the cat climbed the tree. Note: Adding three absolutes overloads the picture and diminishes the effect, one or two creates a far more dynamic image than the original. The Telescopic Lens Effect The comma in the sentence controls a telescopic lens that zooms in on images (draws the attention of the reader to that specific place in the sentence). In the sentence “The rhapis palm sat in a large, white container” the writer can zoom in on any part of the picture here, either the container or the palm. Let’s assume that the branches of the palm are the detail of interest. Without any word of transition, only a twist of a zoom lens represented by a comma, the sentence can now read: “The rhapis palm sat in a large, white container, the branches stretching into the air…” There can be another comma after “air “ to frame that part of the sentence, if it is interesting. If not, the writer can zoom in on the branches. The sentence can now read: “The rhapis palm sat in a large, white container, the branches stretching into the air, fibrous joints knuckling the otherwise smooth surface.” Notice that the focus (zoom) is not on the palm or the container, but on the branches. All this is done by the simple use of a comma. Let’s Practice with Absolutes: Add an absolute or absolute phrase to the sentence to give more detail. Remember: set off by commas. a) The diver peered once more at the specimen. Example: Mind racing, anxiety overtaking, the diver peered once more at the specimen. (Erin Stralka) b) I glanced at my clock. Example: I glanced at my clock, digits glowing florescent blue in the inky darkness of my room. (Jenn Coppolo) c) The kitten yawned tiredly, awaking from her nap. Example: Jaws cracking, tongue curling, the kitten yawned tiredly, awaking from her nap. (Tara Tesmer) Putting Absolutes to Use Your Assignment: A- Go through a different paragraph of your written piece. 1- Underline all the nouns in one paragraph. 2- After you underline the nouns, add detail about the actions of that image using an absolute (a noun and a participle [verb+-ing]). Don’t forget the commas! 3- Do number 6 in your packet; find the absolutes in the professional example. 4- Practice adding absolutes throughout your writing. Putting Absolutes to Use Your Assignment: B- Using your reading book, go through several pages and identify absolutes. - In-Class Sharing: Find and write down five examples of absolutes in literature, also write down a non-example. Be sure to identify the source (author, title, page number). We will share these today. Finding Absolutes in Literature Identify the absolutes or absolute phrases in the following examples from Fablehaven byBrandon Mull. One of the sentences is a nonexample. 1- He had walked this way at a leisurely pace, examining toadstools and unusual rocks as he went. 2- Now he tore through the forest at full speed, undergrowth clawing at his legs, branches whipping against his face and chest. 3- There stood Grandpa Sorenson, wearing a flannel shirt and work boots, arms folded across his chest. 4- Seth lay in a contorted position, hair wildly disheveled, mouth open, legs tangled in his covers. 5- Eyes closed, lips moving soundlessly, Muriel stretched forth a bloody hand, and a gust of wind stripped away the sparkling dust. Finding Absolutes in Literature 6- The baby looked back at the wolves, then turned back toward Seth and Kendra, bawling with renewed vigor, fresh tears streaming, tiny hands slapping the windowpanes. 7- The baby toddled to the window, pressing a chubby palm against the glass. 8- Back on the bed, Seth clung to Goldilocks, arms quivering convulsively. 9- His face fell and he turned away, shoulders shaking with sobs. 10- His head was turned to one side, eyes squinted shut, arms raised protectively. 11- One of the wolves bared sharp teeth, foam frothing from its mouth. 12- She began to chuckle, tears brimming in her eyes. Painting with Appositives An appositive is a noun that adds a second image to a preceding noun. Like the absolute, the appositive adds details in the reader’s imagination. The appositive (a noun) is located after a noun, set off by commas, to enrich the detail of the previous noun. Using Appositives The sentence: “The raccoon enjoys eating turtle eggs,” can be enhanced by adding an appositive to the sentence. “The raccoon, a scavenger, enjoys eating turtle eggs.” The appositive is set off with commas and enriches the image of the sentence. To add more vivid details, writers frequently expand the appositive and add appositive phrases. Appositive phrase: The raccoon, a midnight scavenger who roams lake shorelines in search of food, enjoys eating turtle eggs.” (Notice the commas.) Using Appositives in Writing Appositives used in fiction: Appositives expand sensory details of a noun. An appositive or appositive phrase enriches the image and creates a better picture for the reader. It gives greater detail to the preceding noun. Appositives used in non-fiction: In non-fiction, writers often use an appositive image to add clarity. For example: “Michael Jordan, the famous basketball player…” Let’s Practice with Appositives: Complete the sentences by adding an appositive or appositive phrase. Use commas! a) The volcano spewed forth lava and ash across the mountain. Example: The volcano, a ravenous God, spewed forth lava and ash across the mountain. (Ben Quagliata) b) The old Navajo woman stared blankly. Example: The old Navajo woman, a weak and withered lady, stared blankly. (Jon Vadnal) c) The fish felt the alligator’s giant teeth sink into his scales as he struggled to get away. Example: The fish, a slimy mass of flesh, felt the alligator’s giant teeth sink into his scales as he struggled to get away. (Lindsey Kannen) Putting Appositives to Use Your Assignment: A- Go through one paragraph of your written piece. 1- Underline all the nouns dealing with an important subject in one paragraph. 2- After you underline the nouns, add detail about the image using an appositive (a noun added to another noun separated by commas). 3- Complete #5 in your packet. Practice adding appositives and appositive phrases throughout your writing. Putting Appositives to Use Your Assignment: B- Using your reading book, go through several pages and identify appositives. - In-Class Sharing: Find and write down five examples of appositives or appositive phrases in literature, also write down a non-example. Be sure to identify the source (author, title, page number). We will share these today. Finding Appositives in Literature Identify the appositives or appositive phrases in the following examples from Fablehaven byBrandon Mull. One of the sentences is a non-example. 1- The roof rocketed beyond the treetops, a geyser of wooden confetti. Painting with Adjectives Shifted Out of Order Adjectives out of order amplify the details of the image. An adjective is________________. Using Adjectives Shifted Out of Order Many inexperienced writers overload their descriptions with too many adjectives in a row. Overloaded sentence: “The large, red-eyed, angry bull moose charged the intruder.” Professional authors rarely commit this error. They avoid the three-in-a-row string of adjectives by using the technique of adjectives out of order. Leaving one adjective in its place, the authors shift the two others after the noun. Overloaded sentence above with adjectives out of order: “The large bull moose, red-eyed and angry, charged the intruder.” Let’s Practice with Adjectives Out of Order: Complete the sentences by adding 2 or 3 adjectives out of order. Don’t forget the commas. a) The woman smiled upon her newborn great-grandson with pride. Example: The woman, old and wrinkled, smiled upon her newborn greatgrandson with pride. (Stephanie Schwallie) b) The boxer felt no compassion for his contender. Example: The boxer, twisted and tormented, felt no compassion for his contender. (Chris Hloros) c) The cheetah stared at the gazelle, which would soon become his dinner. Example: The cheetah, tired and hungry, stared at the gazelle, which would soon become his dinner. (Zach Vesoulis) Shifting Adjectives Out of Order Your Assignment: A- Go through one paragraph of your written piece. 1- Underline all the multiple adjectives (or stings of adjectives) in one paragraph. 2- After you underline the adjective strings, add detail about the image using two or three adjectives shifted out of order, set off by commas. 3- Complete #4 in your packet. Practice adding adjectives shifted out of order throughout your writing. Shifting Adjectives Out of Order B- In-Class Sharing: Find and write down (or photo copy) examples of adjectives shifted out of order in literature. Be sure to identify the source (author, title, page number). We will share these today. Painting with Action Verbs Action verbs are used instead of passive voice and being verbs. By eliminating or replacing passive voice and reducing being verbs, writers can energize action images. Being verbs (also known as linking or helping verbs): am are be been being is was were Forms of Be had has have having Forms of Have did do does Forms of Do can could may might must would ought shall should Modals: express attitude toward action or state of being of main verb Passive Voice & Being Verbs Passive voice communicates no action. The image is like a still photograph with the subject of the action frozen by using the prepositions by or with. Example of passive voice: My car was serviced by Tom, my favorite mechanic. My home was damaged by a tornado recently. Passive voice verbs require the help of being verbs. *Notice how the words by and was signal the noun performing the action. Passive voice can weaken images by freezing the action in a sentence. *When the subject of a verb in the sentence performs the action, the sentence is in the active voice. *When the subject of a verb receives the action, the verb is in passive voice. Passive Voice & Being Verbs Even when not used in passive voice, being verbs slow the action and tend to link complements that tell (instead of show). You can improve the power of your sentences by replacing as many being verbs as possible, often by creating an appositive (a noun added to a previous noun). For example: Change this into active voice for 4a) “The Nerk Knocker is a strange mechanical contraption. It brews coffee while beating a drum solo.” To create a single, more powerful statement, use an appositive: “The Nerk Knocker, a strange mechanical contraption, brews coffee while beating a drum solo.” Passive Voice & Being Verbs Action verbs replace still photos with motion pictures. With little imagination, a writer can bring an inanimate object to life by adding action verbs. Passive Voice Example: The bridge was damaged by rushing water. Sentence Written with Action: Rushing water damaged the bridge. By simply replacing being verbs, writers sharpen visual images. Example in passive voice: Change this into active voice for 4b) Rockwell was a beautiful lake. Canada geese could be heard across the water bugling like tuneless trumpets. (“Goose Moon” Shawn & Jerry) Example in active voice: Rockwell Lake echoed with the sounds of Canada geese. Their honking bugled across the water like tuneless trumpets. More About Being Verbs & Passive Voice Writers can strengthen sentences in which being verbs link vague nouns complements. For example, in a sentence such as “The meal was wonderful,” the being verb spotlights wonderful, a word that tells instead of shows, which characterizes instead of describes. For 4c) re-write this sentence using action verbs: The meal was wonderful. You can easily locate being verbs and verbs of passive voice by using the find command on a word processor or by doing a visual search. With a little time spent eliminating these verbs, writers can bring their images to life. However, when you cannot easily replace a being verb, it may belong in the sentence. Some being verbs function to define and others can convey a mood of passivity when a passage requires it for effect. Example: The Mayor was reelected by a landslide. Let’s Practice with Action Verbs Complete the sentences by changing the passive verbs to active verbs: 6- The runaway horse was ridden into town by an old, whitewhiskered rancher. Example: The old, white-whiskered rancher rode the runaway horse into town. 7- The grocery store was robbed by two armed men. Example: Two armed men robbed the grocery store. 8- The gravel road was on the left side of the barn. Example: The gravel road curled around the left side of the barn. Putting Action Verbs to Use Your Assignment: A- Go through one paragraph of your written piece. 1- Underline all the linking, helping, and being verbs that create passive voice in one paragraph. 2- After you underline the linking verbs, change your verbs into active voice. 3- Complete #5 in your packet. Practice using active voice instead of passive voice throughout your writing. B- In-Class Sharing: Find and write down (or photo copy) great examples of active voice in literature. Be sure to identify the source (author, title, page number). We will share these today. Putting Action Verbs to Use Your Assignment: B- In-Class Sharing: Find and write down (or photo copy) great examples of active voice in literature. Be sure to identify the source (author, title, page number). We will share these today. Putting the Five Grammar Techniques to Use Your Assignment: At the back of your packet are 2 ½ pages of samples from professional writing. Go through each of the paragraphs and identify the grammar technique of the bolded words. (Write the technique above the bolded word.) This packet is due Friday, February 22 Parts of Speech Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: liberty, friend, newspaper, kindness, pride, swarm, success Pronoun: a pronoun is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns Example: Paul and I wrote Abigail and expressed our pleasure at her engagement. Verb: expresses an action or a state of being Example: He carved the figurine and put it on the windowsill. Adverb: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Tells where, when, how, or to what extent. Most of the time, adverbs end in –ly, but not always. Example: The brothers worked steadily and earnestly to build the treehouse. Preposition: shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Can be used in a prepositional phrase. Example: That novel by Joseph Conrad is about spies in nineteenth –century Geneva. Prepositional phrase example: Before breakfast, I like to watch the sun rise over the rooftops. Adjective: modifies a noun or pronoun. Tells what kind, which one, how many, and how much. Example: An old oak cast its huge shadow across the front yard. Article: These are adjectives. The most frequently used are: a, an, and the. Conjunction: joins words or groups of words: and, or, but, so, for, yet, nor Example: Both Andrea and Walter were hoping to win or at least qualify for the contest.