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Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns Plural nouns name more than one person, place, or thing. • Add -s to form the plural of most nouns. picture/pictures wing/wings pattern/patterns • Add -es to nouns ending in ch, sh, x, z, s, and ss. bunch/bunches wish/wishes box/boxes class/classes • If a noun ends in a vowel and y, add -s. day/days boy/boys • If a noun ends in a consonant and y, change y to i and add -es. city/cities lady/ladies • Some nouns have irregular plural forms. They change spelling. man/men mouse/mice goose/geese foot/feet child/children • For most nouns that end in f or fe, change f to v and add -es. leaf/leaves knife/knives calf/calves • Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. sheep deer moose headquarters series Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns Directions Write the plural form of each noun. Use a dictionary if you need help. 1. twig 2. team 3. field 4. Tuesday 5. lunch 6. fox 7. woman 8. half 9. cracker 10.goose ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns Directions Write the plural forms of the underlined singular nouns. 11. Migrant worker pick many crop and work long hour. _____________________________________ 12. They filled many box with orange, strawberry, and peach. _____________________________________ 13. Sometimes they must trim leaf from plant with sharp knife. _____________________________________ 14. Migrant child miss class on day when they must help their parent at work. _____________________________________ 15. Other workers herd sheep and cow while riding horse. _____________________________________ Possessive Nouns A possessive noun shows ownership. A singular possessive noun shows that one person, place, or thing has or owns something. A plural possessive noun shows that more than one person, place, or thing has or owns something. • To make a singular noun show possession, add an apostrophe (’) and -s. the baby’s crib • To make a plural noun that ends in -s show possession, add an apostrophe (’). the soldiers’ uniforms • To make a plural noun that does not end in -s show possession, add an apostrophe (’) and -s. the men’s shoes Possessive Nouns 1. family ______________ 11. families____________ 2. brother ____________ 12. brothers____________ 3. suitcase ____________ 13. suitcases___________ 4. child _______________ 14. children____________ 5. government__________ 15. governments_________ 6. pen ________________ 16. pens_______________ 7. train _______________ 17. trains______________ 8. tree _______________ 18. trees______________ 9. woman _____________ 19. women_____________ 10. refugee____________ 20. refugees____________ Possessive Nouns Directions Circle the correct possessive noun in ( ) to complete each sentence. 21. A (pen’s, pens’) point can be sharp. 22. This (author’s, authors’) story is powerful. 23. The (Nazi’s, Nazis’) goal was to destroy or drive out all Jews. 24. Most (refugee’s, refugees’) stories were heartbreaking. 25. A Japanese (family’s, families’) compassion saved many lives. Action and Linking Verbs A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate. The main word in the predicate is a verb. An action verb tells what the subject does. •The river flooded the town. A linking verb links, or joins, the subject to a word or words in the predicate. It tells what the subject is or is like. •The townspeople were afraid. Action and Linking Verbs • Action verbs can tell about actions that are physical (walk, carry) or mental (forget, understand). • Forms of the verb be (am, is, are, was, were) are often used as linking verbs. • These verbs can be linking verbs: become, seem, appear, feel, taste, smell, and look. (I feel hungry. The pie smells delicious.) However, some of them can also be used as action verbs (Feel this fabric. The dog smells many scents.) Action and Linking Verbs Directions Underline the verb in each sentence. Write A on the line if the verb is an action verb. Write L if it is a linking verb. 1. The girl feels nervous. ______ 2. Today is her wedding day. ______ 3. She sits in a fancy chair. ______ 4. Footmen carry the chair on their shoulders. ______ 5. The girl is only sixteen. ______ 6. Her parents arranged the marriage. ______ 7. She sees her husband for the first time. ______ 8. He looks handsome and kind. ______ 9. She appears happy and content. ______ 10. Some Chinese customs seem unusual to us. ______ Action and Linking Verbs Directions Find the verb in each sentence. If the verb is an action verb, write it under Action. If it is a linking verb, write it under Linking. Action Linking 11. Animals symbolize different things. ________ _______ 12. A coyote is resourceful and cunning. ________ _______ 13. An eagle seems fiercely proud and free. ________ _______ 14. The lion rules its territory with dignity. ________ _______ 15. A lion appears kinglike to people. ________ _______ Main and Helping Verbs Verbs that are made up of more than one word are verb phrases. In a verb phrase, the main verb names the action. The helping verb helps tell the time of the action. Some common helping verbs are has, have, had, am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, can, could, will, would, and should. • The main verb is always the last word in a verb phrase. (Animals are losing habitats.) • There may be more than one helping verb in a verb phrase. (We should have saved more wetland habitats.) • Helping verbs such as is and are show that action is happening in the present. (Forests are cut down for wood.) Was and were tell that the action happened in the past. (Once millions of acres of forest were standing in this area.) Will tells that the action is happening in the future. (Trees will disappear if we don’t conserve them.) Main and Helping Verbs Directions Underline the verb phrase in each sentence. 1. For years, people have given names to their pets. 2. Our dog is named Groucho. 3. Pets can perform fascinating tricks. 4. Groucho has entertained us for years. 5. He could have been a standup comic. 6. Sometimes he will walk on his hind legs. 7. You should see his stubby tail. 8. No one can resist his floppy ears. Main and Helping Verbs Directions Find the verb phrase in each sentence. Write the helping verb on the first line and the main verb on the second line. 9. We should respect wild animals. ________ ________ 10. They are sharing the planet with us. ________ ________ 11. They can frighten us at times. ________ ________ 12. Most of them are frightened by us too.________ ________ Subject-Verb Agreement The subject and verb in a sentence must agree, or work together. A singular subject needs a singular verb. A plural subject needs a plural verb. Use the following rules for verbs that tell about the present time. • If the subject is a singular noun or he, she, or it, add -s or -es to most verbs. A horse runs. A dog chases the horse. It barks loudly. • If the subject is a plural noun or I, you, we, or they, do not add -s or -es to the verb. Horses run. Dogs chase the horse. They bark loudly. • For the verb be, use am and is to agree with singular subjects and are to agree with plural subjects. I am afraid. Paul is fearless. The armies are here. We are surprised. • A collective noun names a group, such as family, team, and class. A collective noun is singular if it refers to a group acting as one: The class is going on a field trip. A collective noun is plural if it refers to members of the group acting individually: The class are debating about which place to visit. Subject-Verb Agreement Directions Underline the subject of each sentence. Circle the verb in ( ) that agrees with the subject. 1. U.S. history (is, are) an interesting subject. 2. Our class (is, are) studying the American colonies. 3. Toby (ask, asks) to report on transportation in the colonies. 4. Williamsburg (is, are) a colonial community. 5. Actors (play, plays) the part of colonists. 6. A blacksmith (pound, pounds) metal at a forge. 7. He (make, makes) tools of all kinds. 8. Teams of horses (pull, pulls) wagons on dirt roads. 9. Women (cook, cooks) food on the hearth. 10. Winnie (hurry, hurries) up the stairs to the loft. 11. Husks of corn (serve, serves) as mattresses in these beds. 12. A colonial child (has, have) only a few toys.