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AULAS 7 e 8 - PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
A) Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is
not important or not known, however, who or what is
performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike
was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite
than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was
made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have
made a mistake.).
B) Form of Passive
Subject + to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the
following:
•object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the
"passive" sentence.
•subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the
"passive" sentence" (or is left out)
EXAMPLES
Active:
Peter
builds
a house.
Passive:
A house
is built
by Peter.
Active
Peter
builds
a house.
SIMPLE
Simple Present
PRESENT
Passive: A house
is built
by Peter.
Active:
Peter
built
a house.
SIMPLE
Simple
Past
PAST
Passive: A house
was built
by Peter.
Active:
Peter
has built
a house.
PRESENT
Perfect
PERFECT
Passive: A house
has been built by Peter.
Active:
Peter
will build
a house.
SIMPLE
FUTURE
will-future
Passive: A house
will be built
by Peter.
Active:
Peter
can build
a house.
MODAL
Modals
VERBS
Passive: A house
can be built by Peter.
C) Active sentences with two objects in passive
When there are two objects in an active sentence, there are
two possible active sentences and two possible passive
sentences.
possibility 1:
The professor explained the students the exercise.
possibility 2:
The professor explained the exercise to the students.
There are two objects in each of the following sentences:
object 1 = indirect object: the students
object 2 = direct object: the exercise
An indirect object is very often a person, a direct object a thing.
When a direct object is followed by an indirect one, we put to
in front of the indirect object.
active sentence - possibility 1
subject
verb
indirect object
direct object
The professor
explained
the students
the exercise.
active sentence - possibility 2
subject
verb
direct object
indirect object
The professor
explained
the exercise
to the students.
Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject
in the passive sentence.
passive sentence - possibility 1
subject
verb
object
(by-agent)
The students
were
explained
the exercise.
(by the professor).
passive sentence - possibility 2
subject
verb
object
The exercise
was explained to the students
(by-agent)
(by the professor
D) Verbs with prepositions in passive
When we put an active sentence, where a preposition
follows after the verb (e.g. break into, look after), into
passive - the preposition remains immediately after the verb.
Active sentence
Passive sentence
Someone broke into the pet shop.
The pet shop was broken into.
E) Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active
sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So
every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a
personal passive.
Active sentence
Passive sentence
They build houses.
Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot
form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that
can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want
to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an
impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called
Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some
other languages like German.
In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of
perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men.
It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal
Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men.
Women are said to live longer than men.
Tense
Simple Present
Present
Progressive
Simple Past
Past
Progressive
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future simple
Future perfect
Conditional
Modals
Subject
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Verb
Object
Nancy
makes
tea.
Tea
is made
by Nancy.
Nancy
is making
tea.
Tea
is being made
by Nancy.
Nancy
made
tea.
Tea
was made
by Nancy.
Nancy
was making
tea.
Tea
was being made
by Nancy.
Nancy
has made
Tea.
Tea
has been made
by Nancy.
Nancy
had made
tea.
Tea
had been made
by Nancy.
Nancy
will make
tea.
Tea
will be made
by Nancy.
Nancy
will have made
tea.
Tea
will have been made
by Nancy.
Nancy
would make
tea.
Tea
would be made
by Nancy.
Nancy
can make
tea.
Tea
can be made
by Nancy.