Download 340-Culture-and-Communication

Culture , Language
and Communication
Communication
Definition: The
transmission of
information from one
individual to another.
The Ethnography of
Communication
Language
+ Paralanguage
+ Kinesics
+ Proxemics
+ Social Expectations
+ Cultural Meanings
=Communication
Paralanguage
Definition: The pitch, tone
and cadence of speech.
Kinesics
Definition: gestures, facial
expressions and body
language.
Phrases
Three examples of types of phrases;
1. Noun phrases = a noun and its
modifiers
2. Verb phrases = a verb and its
modifiers
3. Prepositional phrases = a
preposition, it’s object and
modifiers
Noun Phrases
Act as a subject in a sentence
The cute little boy threw John the ball.
boy + the cute little
Act as a direct object in a sentence
The cute little boy threw John the ball.
ball + the
Act as an indirect object in a sentence
The cute little boy threw John the ball.
John
Verb Phrases
Is made up of the verb and its
modifiers.
Joan walked quickly and quietly.
walked + quickly and quietly
Clauses
Definition:
a group of two or more words
which include its own subject
and predicate within the
expression, but as a whole
form only a part of a complete
sentence
Types of Clauses
Independent clauses are simple
sentences
Eg. Sarah patted the dog.
Sarah (subject) + patted (verb) + dog (object)
Dependent Clauses cannot stand
alone
Eg. When Sarah patted the dog, . . .
Concordance Rules
(Also known as agreement)
Units within a sentence must match
each other
Eg. Number: plural subject noun
requires plural person verb
Short-Hand Symbols
Syntactic Categories
Subject = S, Verb = V, Object = O
NP = Noun Phrase, VP = Verb Phrase,
PP = Prepositional Phrase, etc.
S+V
S+V+O
NP+VP+PP
Etc.
Displaying Sentence
Structure
• Line Analysis
• Bracket Analysis
• Chinese Box Diagramming
• Diagramming
• Tree Diagram Analysis
• Phrase Marker Structure
Line Analysis
Bracket Analysis
Chinese Box Diagram
Compound
Sentence
Diagramming
Tree Diagram Analysis
Phrase Marker Analysis
(P-marker)
Principles and Parameters
Noam Chomsky’s more recent theory about
grammar and how children acquire it.
Principles are aspects of grammar that may
have multiple parameters allowing
variability in how languages address the
principle.
Parameters are alternatives ways to deal
with a given principle.
Examples of Principles and
Parameters
Principle: Sentences must have a subject and a
predicate. Can the subject be implied?
“Pro drop” parameter options:
You must have a subject present.
You can drop the subject and it will be
understood to be there.
English: I am going to the store . Head required.
Spanish: (Yo) voy a la tienda.
Head optional.
Examples of Principles and
Parameters
Principle: The “head” of a phrase and its complements
must be in linear order.
“Head parameter” options:
The head always comes before the complement.
The head always comes after the complement.
English: bought book
English: in Japan
Japanese: book bought
Japanese: Japan in
Chomsky’s Earlier Theory
Generative Grammar
Assumes two levels of grammatical
structure:
1. Deep structure which is universal and
underlies all grammars in all languages
2. Surface structure which represents the
specific uses of deep structure elements in
specific languages.
Transformational Grammar
To get from deep structure to surface structure
Chomsky proposed a set of rules called
TRANSFORMATIONS.
Deep structure
Transformations
Deletions
Surface structure
Chomsky’s Generative
Grammar
Generative grammar is based on theidea
that all grammatical constructions occur as
a result of universal patterns and rules that
can be applied to all languages.
All languages DO NOT, according to
generative grammar, have unique sets of
grammatical rules.
Example of a Deletion
Rule
The dog played in the yard and the
cat played in the yard.
The deletion rule says that you can
eliminate redundancies, therefore:
The dog and the cat played in the
yard.
(“played in the yard” is deleted)
Structural Ambiguity
Occurs when one surface structure
can represent two deep structure
meanings.
Example:
Flying Planes can be dangerous.
(Surface structure in English)
To fly planes
Can be dangerous
Planes that are flying
can be dangerous.
(2 deep structure meanings)
Understanding the Ambiguity
Planes can be dangerous.
Embedding rule
Planes – planes flying – can be
dangerous.
Deletion rule
Planes - flying - can be dangerous.
Transformation rule
Flying planes can be dangerous.
This seems to yield the correct meaning.
Understanding the Ambiguity
But there is also a transformational
rule that says you can substitute
infinitives for participles.
Flying planes can be dangerous.
Transformation rule
To fly planes can be dangerous.
This is where the confusion comes in.