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The Passive Participle and the Infinitive Absolute The Passive Participle The passive participle is a verb that acts as an adjective. Passive participles describe action received by the subject. The subject does not perform the action. For example, “the abandoned house” and “the house that was abandoned” both have the verb to abandon acting as a passive participle to describe the house. As with active participles, passive participles inflect for number and gender. The meaning is generally one of completed action. The Passive Participle Root ms ּכתב ידע אכל סבב ּבנה ׁשלח ּכָּתּוב יָּדּוע ָאכּול סָּ בּוב ּבָּ נּוי ִׁשָּ לּוח Passive Participle mp ּכְּ תּובִים יְּדּועים אֲכּולים סְּ בּובים ּבְּ נּויים ְּׁשלּוחים fs fp ּכְּ תּובִָּה יְּדּועָּ ה אֲכּולָּה סְּ בּובָּ ה ּבְּ נּויָּה ְּׁשלּוחִָּה ּכְּ תּובוֹת יְּדּועוֹת אֲכּולוֹת סְּ בּובוֹת ּבְּ נּויוֹת ְּׁשלּוחוֹת written known eaten surrounded built sent The vowel pattern for the passive participle is usually qametz-shureq (e.g., )ּכָּתּוב. The vowel pattern is rarely a defective qametz-qibbuts (e.g., ָּּכתֻבinstead of )ּכָּתּוב. For the verb ּבָּ נָּה, the III- הchanges to a yod. For the verb ׁשָּ לח, the III-guttural takes a furtive patakh. The furtive patakh does not disrupt the qametz-shureq vowel pattern. The Passive Participle Hollow verbs rarely appear in the passive participle form. The passive participle form of ( קָּ םto arise) and (שָּ םto place) are attested in the masculine singular but not in the masculine plural, feminine singular, or feminine plural. Passive Participle Root ms mp fs fp קם שם קּום שָּ ם --- --- --- risen --- --- --- placed The Passive Participle Attributive meaning: Predicative meaning: Substantive meaning: ִ הׁשֵׁ םִּכָּתּוב ּבִפֵּסֵׁ ר ּכְּ תּובים הדִָּבָּ ים ִהּבָּ ח ים יׁשְִּלְּ חּו The name written in the book Written are the words (or) The words are written The chosen will send (or) The chosen ones will send (or) The ones who are chosen will send Attributive passive participles agree with the noun they modify in number, gender, and definiteness. The attributive follows the noun that it modifies. Predicative passive participles agree with the noun they modify in number and gender. The predicative participle does not match in definiteness. The predicative either precedes or follows the noun that it modifies. Substantive passive participles take on noun attributes. Notice the options available for translating the substantive form into idiomatic English in the examples above. The passive participle is most easily confused with the infinitive absolute, which we will study next. The Passive Participle Before we tackle the Infinitive Absolute, let’s practice….. The Infinitive Absolute The infinitive absolute has only one form since it is not inflected for person, number, or gender. Consider the following infinitive absolutes. Root Infinitive Absolute קטל ּגאל אכל ידע נטע קָּ טוֹל ּגָּאוֹל ָאכוֹל ִיָּדוֹע ִנָּטוֹע to kill to redeem to eat to know to plant The infinitive absolute vowel pattern is qamets-full holem. A furtive patakh appears in III-guttural verbs such as ֹע ִ יָּדוand ִנָּטוֹע. Identification of the infinitive absolute verb form can still be made since there is no change to the qamets-full holem vowel pattern. In some cases, the full holem may be written defectively. For example, קָּ טוֹלmay be written as קָּ טֹל. The Infinitive Absolute The infinitive absolute has four primary uses: Emphasis: The infinitive absolute is placed next to the finite verb it modifies, either before (most common) or after, to emphasize the verbal concept. Note that both the infinitive absolute and the verb it modifies have the same root letters. When translating the infinitive absolute to emphasize a verbal concept, use the words such as indeed, surely, or certainly. This form is the most common use of the infinitive absolute. For example: יָּדוֹעִ יָּדעִאת־הּת ֹו ָּ ה סָּ בוֹב יָּסֹ ּבּוִאת־הִּבית He did indeed know the law. They will surely surround the house. Simultaneous: Two infinitive absolutes placed next to a finite verb have the meaning of simultaneous action. The action can be antithetical or complimentary. For example: הָּ לְּ כּוִהָּ לוְֹך וְִּדִָּב ֹו הָּ לְּ כּו יָּצוֹא וִָּשוֹב They walked, walking and talking. They walked back and forth. The Infinitive Absolute Substitute: An infinitive absolute can substitute for a finite verb, describing action. In this case, the infinitive absolute stands alone as a substitute for a finite verb. For example: נָּתוֹן אֹ תָּ ּהִּבְּ תוְֹךִהחֵׁ יכָּל ִכָּתוֹב על־הּלּוח He set her in the midst of the palace. He will write on the tablet. Imperative: Similar to the above example, an infinitive absolute can stand alone, replacing a finite imperative verb. For example: זָּכ ֹו את־מצְּ וֹתִי ִהָּ לוְֹך עּמ ֹו Remember my commandments. Go with him.