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The Four Functions of Sentences Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates Sentence Structure Run-on Sentences and Fragments The Four Functions of Sentences • Declarative Sentences – State an idea and end with a period. Examples: – They waited at the station for the bus. – In the fall, the trees will lose their leaves. The Four Functions of Sentences • Interrogative Sentences – Asks a question and ends with a question mark. Examples: To whom did you give the book? When will you get it back? When the police interrogate a suspect, they ask questions. Interrogative sentences often begin with words such as who, whom, what, when, where, how, and why? The Four Functions of Sentences • Imperative Sentences – Give an order or a direction and end with a period or an exclamation mark. Examples Turn left at the stoplight. Listen to me. The subject of most imperative sentences is “you understood.” The Four Functions of Sentences • Exclamatory Sentences – Convey strong emotion and end with an exclamation mark. Examples Our school won first prize! What an excitement there was! Time Out for Practice! • CLASS SET • You have three minutes to complete Exercise 1, page 87, ON YOUR OWN PAPER. GO! (That’s an imperative sentence, by the way.) Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates • Every clause must have a subject and a predicate. • Sometimes the subject is made up of two or more nouns and/or pronouns. • Sometimes the predicate is made up of two or more verbs. Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates • A Compound Subject – Is two or more subjects that have the same verb and are joined by a conjunction such as and or or. Examples Pines and spruces are both evergreen trees. Clothes or records make perfect gifts. Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates • A Compound Predicate – Has two or more verbs that have the same subject and is joined by a conjunction such as and or or. Examples Jill wrote and performed her own music. He will play golf or jog on Saturday. Time Out for Practice! • CLASS SET • You have three minutes to complete BOTH Exercise 1 AND 2, page 49, ON YOUR OWN PAPER. GO! Sentence Structure • Simple Sentences – Consist of a single independent clause. Examples The alarm sounded. Susan or Jim will go. We laughed and shouted with joy. Bill and I swam and fished throughout the day. Sentence Structure • Compound Sentences – Have two or more independent clauses. – The clauses are joined by either • a comma and coordinating conjunction (fanboys) • or a semicolon Examples I could watch television, or I could begin my chores. Doug builds model airplanes; he flies them, too. Sentence Structure • Complex Sentences – Consist of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clause. Examples Although the desert has a harsh climate, many creatures live there. This is the day when summer begins. Sentence Structure • Complex Sentences – Consist of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clause. – The subordinate clause often begins with a • Relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) • Subordinating conjunction (after, as, as if, while, if, though, because, since, so that, unless, until, etc.) Sentence Structure • Compound-Complex Sentences – Consist of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Examples Stamp collecting is the hobby which I enjoy most, and I have a huge collection. When I finish the laundry, I’m going to the market, but I’ll be back in time for dinner. Time Out for Practice! • You have five minutes to complete Exercise 2 on BOTH pages 83 and 85. GO! Sentence Fragments • A Fragment – Is a group of words that do not express a complete thought. Examples in the middle of the lake the plane on the runway when we were driving home because he was hungry Run-on Sentences • A Run-On – is two or more complete sentences that are not properly joined or separated. Run-on Sentences • There are two kinds of run-ons. – Two sentences that run together without any punctuation between them • Your body is supported by the skeletal system it includes bones and joints. – Two or more sentences separated on by a comma • Lewis and Clark headed west, they eventually reached the Pacific. Time Out for Practice! • You have five minutes to complete Exercise 2 on BOTH pages 95 and 99. GO!