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Transcript
Clauses and Phrases The keys for unlocking compound / complex sentences A phrase is a group of words WITHOUT a subject/verb pair. • It cannot be a simple sentence. AJ and her sister (wrong) on a sunny day. • It cannot be one half of a compound sentence. (wrong) (wrong) AJ and her sister, and they lived in Japan. (wrong) on a sunny day, but it is not warm. • It cannot be one part of a complex sentence. (wrong) AJ and her sister when they were younger. (wrong) Although on a sunny day, it is not warm. The most common phrase is a prepositional phrase (prep + noun object) • of location in my country on the desk at the store between the houses • of direction from my house to the library into the soup • Of time A prepositional phrase CANNOT be the subject in an hour after two weeks for ten minutes during the day Another common phrase is a noun phrase • Adjective + noun clever students the highest score the hot soup • Gerund + object learning to ski listening to music memorizing grammar rules • Compound nouns Stephanie and AJ coffee or tea poor but happy A clause is a group of words with a subject AND verb. • It can be a simple sentence. (AJ and her sister lived in Spain.) (It is sunny). • It can be one half of a compound sentence. (AJ lived in Spain), and (she lived in Japan). (It is sunny), but (it is not warm). • It can be one part of a complex sentence. (AJ lived in Spain) (when she was 25). (Although it is sunny), (it is not warm.) There are two kinds of clauses: Clause #1 = independent or main clause • Can be a simple sentence AJ and her sister lived in Spain. • Can be one clause of a compound sentence AJ lived in Spain, so she speaks Spanish. • Can be the main clause of a complex sentence AJ lived in Spain when she was 25. Clause #2 = dependent clause Also, dependent clauses ALWAYS begin with a subordinating conjunction • if • when • although • as soon as • unless • because MORE on pp. 190-191 in your writing textbook • Cannot be a simple sentence When AJ Wrong!!! and her sister lived in Spain. • Cannot be one clause of a compound sentence When AJ lived Wrong!!!in Spain, so she speaks Spanish. • Can be with a independent clause in a complex sentence AJ lived in Spain when she was 25. Correct!!! Writing rule to remember about dependent clauses: • They are never a full sentence. They must also have an independent (main) clause • Because I am hungry. • I am eating because I am hungry. Frag Correct!!! • If I study a lot. Frag if I study a lot. • My English will improve Correct!!! Practice – say clause or phrase • • • • • • phrase In the capital of my country. Between you and me. phrase I was a child. clause If I can. clause My sister and her husband phrase Since I was a child. clause Practice – say dependent or independent • • • • • • D Before I came to the U.S. I came to the U.S. I When I was a child. D I was a child. I My sister and I stayed home. I If my sister and I stayed home. D Comma rules for compound sentences • Always write a comma before the conjunction I live in Portland, and I work in Beaverton. He is sleeping right now, but he’ll call you later. I lost my purse, so I called the police. • Do not write a comma between two words or phrases I like ice cream and candy. The ball went behind the sofa and under the desk. She is the top student and my best friend. Comma rules for complex sentences • YES! write a comma if the dependent clause is 1st. Although I live in Portland, I work in Beaverton. Because he is sleeping right now, he’ll call you later. Since I lost my purse, I called the police. • NO! do not write a comma if the dependent clause is 2nd. I work in Beaverton although I work in Portland. He’ll call you later because he is sleeping right now. I called the police since I lost my purse. Practice Write a DC in front of the dependent clauses, an IC in front of the independent clauses, and a P in front of the phrases. • • • • • • • • • • P The student next to Abdul. IC The car stopped. When he was a small boy. DC IC We went to see a movie. P In the morning or in the afternoon. The cats were lying in the sun. IC P Since the dawn of time. P From the easily missed corner. DC As soon as the alarm went off. The music from the southern part of my country. P