Download Sophomore Grammar

Sophomore Grammar
Let’s review!
What are the five different types of phrases?
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Prepositional Phrase
Appositive Phrase
Infinitive Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Participial Phrase (Participle)
An appositive phrase contains an
appositive noun that provides
information about the preceding
noun.
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Appositive: (Not part of a phrase) My sister
Sylvia has a pet salamander.
Appositive Phrase: My brother, the one
eating the meal, teaches history.
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
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Infinitives: to eat, to sleep, to dream, to
ponder
Infinitive Phrases: to eat the meal, to sleep
all night, to dream the impossible dream, to
ponder life’s magnificence
Infinitive phrase begins with to + a word
that looks like a verb:
 She would like to be a doctor.
Now our next concept:
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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
What do these phrases have in
common?
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Gerund Phrases:
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eating the meal,
sleeping all night,
dreaming the impossible dream,
pondering life’s magnificence
Grammar
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Gerund phrases begin with a word that
looks like a verb and ends in –ing. Gerund
phrases act as a noun in a sentence. Treat
them as if they are one word. They can act
as subjects, direct objects, objects of a
preposition, predicate nouns, and
appositives.
Do you know what these are?
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Direct Object
A direct object is a noun or pronoun that
receives the action of a verb or shows the
result of the action.
Gerund as a D.O.:
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I love splashing. Direct Object
Harry heard splashing in the pool.
Gerunds as the subject:
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If the verb expresses action—like
sneeze, jump, bark, or study—the
subject is who or what does the verb.
Gerund Phrase as the SUBJECT:
Splashing in the pool was challenging.
Subject
Object of a Preposition
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A preposition is a word that shows a
relation between a noun or pronoun to
another word in the sentence.
The object of the preposition is the noun or
pronoun that comes after the preposition.
By splashing in the pool, I cooled myself
off.  Object of a Preposition
predicate noun
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A predicate noun is a noun that is used to
rename the subject of a sentence. It follows a
form of the verb "to be". For example, in the
phrase "She is stupid", stupid would be the
predicate noun because it follows is, which is
a form of "to be".
A predicate noun is a noun or noun phrase
portion of a clause used to express a
description of the subject. As in, 'He is a good
man.' Here, 'a good man' is the predicate noun.
My favorite activity is splashing in the pool.
 Predicate Noun
Appositive
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My favorite activity, splashing in the pool,
makes me feel refreshed.  Appositive
One challenge in identifying gerunds is
being able to determine whether the –ing
word is being used an action verb or a
predicate noun
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My favorite activity is splashing in the pool.
Activity is the subject. Splashing in the
pool equals the subject which makes it a
predicate noun, and is is the linking verb.
Another test is to make sure the subject can
actually perform the action of a verb. The
subject activity cannot perform the action of
splashing.
Action verb? Predicate Noun?
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John is splashing in the pool.  In
this case, splashing is an action
verb because the subject John is
performing that action.
Write a sentence using the following
words in a gerund phrase according to
the instructions.
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4.
dreaming (subject)
cruising (object of a preposition)
skiing (direct object)
thinking (predicate noun)