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El Subjuntivo María Page This presentation has been prepared under fair use exemption of the U.S. Copyright Law and is restricted from further use. Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary defines subjunctive as: 1. adj. 2. in grammar, designating or of that mood of a verb used to express condition, hypothesis, contingency, possibility, etc., rather than to state an actual fact: distinguished from imperative, indicative. Examples of the subjunctive mood in English Common expressions: • be that as it may • far be it from me • if it please the court • if need be • truth be told • The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish. • So far, you have studied verb tenses in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to express factual information, certainty, and objectivity. Usted va al Perú en diciembre. You are going to Peru in December. • The above sentence merely reports the fact that you are going to Peru in December, so the indicative mood is used. • The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc. Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre. I doubt that you are going to Peru in December. • Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second clause. How to conjugate the subjunctive • The subjunctive is formed like formal commands: • For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps: 1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative. 2. Then drop the -o ending. 3. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en -er & -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an Regular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo). • hablo - o = habl habl + e = hable habl + es = hables habl + e = hable habl + emos = hablemos habl + éis = habléis habl + en = hablen Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como). • como - o = com com + a = coma com + as = comas com + a = coma com + amos = comamos com + áis = comáis com + an = coman • Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo). • vivo - o = viv viv + a = viva viv + as = vivas viv + a = viva viv + amos = vivamos viv + áis = viváis viv + an = vivan The formula also works for verbs that have irregular "yo" forms in the present indicative. Study these examples: • conocer (yo conozco) conozco - o = conozc • tener (yo tengo) tengo - o = teng • conozc + a = conozca conozc + as = conozcas conozc + a = conozca conozc + amos = conozcamos conozc + áis = conozcáis conozc + an = conozcan • teng + a = tenga teng + as = tengas teng + a = tenga teng + amos = tengamos teng + áis = tengáis teng + an = tengan • salir (yo salgo) salgo - o = salg • salg + a = salga salg + as = salgas salg + a = salga salg + amos = salgamos salg + áis = salgáis salg + an = salgan For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that there is no stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms. Study these examples: • pensar (yo pienso) pienso - o = piens • contar (yo cuento) cuento - o = cuent • piens + e = piense piens + es = pienses piens + e = piense pens + emos = pensemos pens + éis = penséis piens + en = piensen • cuent + e = cuente cuent + es = cuentes cuent + e = cuente cont + emos = contemos cont + éis = contéis cuent + en = cuenten For -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i. Study these examples: • dormir (yo duermo) duermo - o = duerm • duerm + a = duerma duerm + as = duermas duerm + a = duerma durm + amos = durmamos durm + áis = durmáis duerm + an = duerman • sentir (yo siento) siento - o = sient • sient + a = sienta sient + as = sientas sient + a = sienta sint + amos = sintamos sint + áis = sintáis sient + an = sientan Lets review…moods • INDICATIVE: 1. TO STATE A FACT 2. TO EXPRESS CERTAINTY 3. TO EXPRESS REALITY • SUBJUNCTIVE 1. TO EXPRESS: A. UNCERTAINTY B. DOUBT C. WISHES D. DESIRES E. CONJECTURE F. SUPPOSITION G. UNREAL CONDITIONS • The subjunctive mood is used to express uncertainty, as opposed to facts, It expresses emotions, feelings, and judgments about an action. • It presents what the speaker considers to be doubtful, possible, necessary, or desired… • The subjunctive generally occurs in dependent clauses. A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate. However, it is not a complete sentence. (A complete sentence is an independent clause). • In the sentence, I doubt that John is intelligent, the words: “that John is intelligent” constitute a dependent clause. This clause is not a complete statement without the addition of the independent clause I doubt. Complete the handouts and workbook pages Remember… • • • • • • W - Wish/ want E - Emotion I - Impersonal expressions R - Request, permission, need D - Doubt, denial O - Ojalá Para practicar: • • • • http://www.trinity.edu/mstroud/grammar/subje.htm http://www.colby.edu/~bknelson/exercises/subj_pres.html http://www.colby.edu/~bknelson/exercises/chart_pres-subj.html http://www.studyspanish.com/practice/subj2.htm