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Verbs: The Infinitive Construct The Infinitive Construct In English, the infinitive is usually preceded by “to”, for example: • to walk • to talk • to laugh • to take She wants to walk to the store. He went to talk to the man. They tried to climb Mt. Everest. I’m going to take Hebrew 331 next semester. No person, number or gender. She wants to walk. He wants to walk. They want to walk. We all want to walk. The Infinitive Construct No person, number or gender. No past, present, or future tense (which is where we get the first part of the name) Past: In the past, I tried to take Hebrew 331, but I couldn’t get in. Present: Right now, I want to take Hebrew 331, but I don’t quite know enough. Future: In the future, I plan to take Hebrew 331 because I want to be able to read the Bible in its original language. Infinite Time = Infinitive Construct The Infinitive Construct Usually, infinitive constructs are coupled with another verb. She wants to walk. He wants to walk. They want to walk. We all want to walk. We tried to hike up to 18,500 feet, but the weather was too harsh. He convinced the Sherpas to stand in his picture with him. Our group travelled far to accomplish our goal. I wanted to eat but I was too nauseous from altitude sickness. I bought a native dress to wear when we give our fireside to the youth. The Infinitive Construct In Hebrew, the Infinitive Construct can also act as a noun. Usually, when an Infinitive Construct acts as a noun, it ends with “-ing” Hiking to base camp is very difficult. or To hike to base camp is very difficult. Running is great training for the Everest base camp hike. Praying can be done by spinning prayer bells in the Himalayas. Flying into Lukla was the most frightening part of the whole trip. Stuffing the Yaks’ bells keeps them quiet during the night. Buying apple pie at base camp was an unexpected treat. The Infinitive Construct Let’s try to make this next point very clear… Imperative (ms) כְּ תֹ ב (you) write! Infinitive Construct כְּ תֹ ב to write, writing Identical! Use Context to Determine a Translation The Infinitive Construct to write/writing to remember/remembering to eat/eating to stand/standing to call/calling Infinitive Construct Imperative (2ms) כְּ תֹ ב זְּ כֹ ר אֱכֹ ל עֲמֹ ד ְּקרֹא כְּ תֹ ב זְּ כֹ ר אֱכֹ ל עֲמֹ ד ְּק ָרא (you) write (you) remember (you) eat (you) stand (you) call Wait—what’s going on with that last word? The imperative ְּק ָראmaintains the vowel change (qamets) brought about by the presence of a III-א. The infinitive construct vowel pattern is shewa-holem despite the presence of the III-א. Let’s look at some examples on pg. 127 of Lambdin. The Infinitive Construct Infinitive Construct = Construction We can build prefixes and suffixes onto Infinitive Constructs. Prefixes - to add Prepositions Suffixes - to add Pronominal Suffixes Infinitive construct with pronominal suffixes as a subject: as an object: They are identical – context! Note the vowel change. כָתְּ בִ י כָתְּ בְּ ָך כְּ תָ בֵ ְך כָתְּ ב ֹֹו כָתְּ כָּה my writing כָתְּ בִ י כָתְּ בְּ ָך כְּ תָ בֵ ְך כָתְּ ב ֹֹו כָתְּ כָּה writing me your (ms) writing your (fs) writing his writing her writing writing (ms) you writing (fs) you writing him writing her כָתְּ בֵ נּו כָתְּ בְּ כֶם כָתְּ בְּ כֶן כָתְּ בָ ם כָתְּ בָ ן our writing כָתְּ בֵ נּו כָתְּ בְּ כֶם כָתְּ בְּ כֶן כָתְּ בָ ם כָתְּ בָ ן writing us your (mp) writing your (fp) writing their writing their writing writing (mp) you writing (fp) you writing them writing them The Infinitive Construct An indefinite noun that directly follows an infinitive construct can serve as either the subject or the object of the verb. For example: כְּ תֹ בֹאִ יׁש writing a man (or) a man’s writing The above example is ambiguous and requires context to determine a proper translation. When the noun is definite, the presence of the definite object marker אֶ תindicates the noun’s place as the object of the verb. For example: כְּ תֹ בֹאֶ ת־הָ אִ יׁש כְּ תֹ בֹהָ אִ יׁש writing the man (or) (to) write the man (object) the man’s writing (subject) The Infinitive Construct The use of pronouns with infinitive constructs is slightly more complex. The following examples provide some clarification for possible translations: ׁשָ ְּמ ִריֹאֶ ת־הָ אִ יׁש יׁשֹֹׁשמֹ רֹאֹ תִ י ְּ ִהָ א מָ צְּ אוֹֹאֹ תִ י קָ ְּראִ יֹאֹ ת ֹֹו רֹמ ְּקנֵה ִ ֹלִ בְּ ח ת־מ ְּקנַי ִ ֶלִ בְּ חֹ רֹא לִ ְּׁשמֹ רֹאֶ ת־הַ ּתו ָֹרה ׁשָ ְּמרוֹֹאֶ ת־הַ ּתו ָֹרה my observing the man the man observing me his finding me my calling him to choose cattle to choose my cattle to keep the law his keeping the law The Infinitive Construct Combined together, the infinitive phrase can be any of the following things. 1. The subject of a sentence. For example: ֹטוֹבֹלִ ְּׁשמֹ רֹאֶ ת־הַ ּתו ָֹרה It is good to keep the law. (or) To keep the law is good. 2. The object of the preposition. For example: עַ ד־קָ ְּראִ יֹאֹ ת ֹֹו until my calling him 3. The object of the verb. For example: יָכֹ לְּ ּתִ יֹלִ בְּ חֹ רֹאֶ ת־מִֹ ְּקנַי I was able to choose my cattle. The Infinitive Construct Prefixes - building a preposition onto an Infinitive Construct: Often, the infinitive construct is prefixed with ְֹּ(בin, by, with), ְֹּ( לto, for), or ְֹּ(כlike, as, according as). When ְֹּ בand ְֹּ כare prefixed to an infinitive construct, the result is an adverbial clause that is usually temporal in meaning. For example: ֹכְּ כָתְּ ב ֹו בְּ עָ ְּמד ֹֹו when he wrote when (while) he stood ְֹּ בand ְֹּ כhave the same translation value, and each is commonly used. However, certain verbs, such as ׁשָ מַ ע, prefer ְֹּכ. In these instances, The Infinitive Construct When ְֹּ לis prefixed to an infinitive construct, the meaning is an expression of purpose, result or goal. For example: לִ בְּ חֹ רֹבָ א ֹלאֹיָכֹ לְּ ּתִ יֹלִ בְֹּחֹ ר he came to choose I could not choose Instead of using ל ֹֹוto negate the infinitive construct, בִ לְּ ּתִ יis prefixed with the preposition ְֹּ לbefore the infinitive construct. For example: רֹרעָ ה ָ ֹלְֹּבִ לְּ ּתִ י בְּ ח לְֹּבִ לְּ ּתִ י ְּׁשבֹרֹאֶ ת־הַ ּתו ָֹרה not to choose evil not to break the law