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Please choose a topic past now future past now future past now future past uses Facts/truth Habitual action Momentary action Talking about the future now future examples The sun rise from the east. We eat dinner at 7:00 everyday. He wins the match. The TV programme starts at 8:00. past Uses now future Examples Description of actions happening now It’s raining Indicating change My father’s hair is falling out! Talking about temporary situation Jill’s working in hotel for the summer. Talking about the fiture What are you doing on Saturday? past now future Uses Examples Finished events(usually specific time) When i was young, I hated school. Repeated actions in the past Every day last week we had a Maths test past now future Uses Examples Temporanry actions in progress in the past It was raining yesterday morning. A simultaneous continuous action +when We were laughing when he saw us. past now future Uses Examples Recent past with indefinite adverbs of time It’s just started to rain. Past events without a specifictine I’ve been to China three times. past Uses now future Examples For the earlier of two past actions When I arrived, they ferry has gone. In reported speech Sally said she’d seen a ghost. past now future Uses Examples Describing an action in progress in the past befpre another action He had been waiting for an hour when i arrived. past now future Uses Examples Continuous past action---finished or continuing They’ve been sitting down all day. I’ve been studying English for seven years. past now future Uses Examples Making decisions/threats/promises I think I’ll go to bed now. Expressing opinions I know you’ll pass. past now future Uses Example Making offers, requests, suggesrions Will you meet me later? Stating intentions/plans/predicionas We’re going to have a picnic next week. She’s going to have a body. past Uses now future Examples Describing future events, plans or This time tommorow we’ll be leaving. intentions Expressing expectations Their plane will be landing soon. past now Uses future Examples Talking about actions that we know will be Next year, I’ll have been in Hong Kong for completed by a certain time in the future ten years. Talking about actions that we think will be completed by a certain time in the future They will have arrived by now. past now future Uses Examples Talking about the duration of a continuous action or event up to a future point of time By the end of month, he will have beem working here for ten years. Uses If we use the active voice, it is the person or thing that does an action that is important. Example Mr Tse coaches the football team. Notice In this sentice, we are talking about Mr Tse, so it is natural to use the active voice and say what he does. Uses If we use the passive voice, the person or thing that does the action is not so important. Example The football team is coached by Mr Tse. Notice In this sentice, we are talking about the football team, so it is natural to use the passive voice. This sentence might be part of a longer paragraph where Mr Tse isn’t quite so important The point of forming indirect sentence 1.Use that to connect the stagement 2.Change pronouns 3.Change the tenses usually.(Look at the table) 4.Sometimes stay the tense as the reported statement is always true or still true. 5.Tense stayed also when the verb of speech is in the present tense. 6.infinitives stay the same. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would → should/ would/ must → Must/ had to Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to I like milk. Present tense Pronoun need to be change He said that he liked milk. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to I’m listening. Change pronoun Change tense Present con. → past con. He said that he was listening. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to I didn’t do it. Change tense Simple past → past perfect Change pronoun He said he hadn’t done it. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to You’ve eaten my moon cake. Change pronoun Change tense Present perfect→ Past perfect He said that he had eaten his moon cake. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to I was sleeping. Change pronoun Change tense Past con. → past perfect con. He said that he had been sleeping Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to ‘I hadn’t realised that he was only joking.’ Change pronoun Change tense Past & psdt perfect→ past perfect He said he hadn’t realised that he had only been joking. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to I’ll find them Change pronoun Change tense will→ would He said that he would find them Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to I can’t hear you. Change Change pronoun tense can→could He said that he couldn’t hear me. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect ‘I would do if I Will/ shall → Would/ should could.’ Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to ‘You ought to go there.’ Change pronoun No change He said that I ought to go there. Change pronoun No change She said that she would do it if she could. Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present→ Simple past Present continuous → Past continuous Simple past → Past perfect Present perfect → Past perfect/past Past countionous → Past countinuous/ Past perfect countinous Past perfect → Past perfect Will/ shall → Would/ should Can/ may → Could/ might Could/ ought to / might/ should/ would → Could/ ought to. Might/ should/ would/ must → Must/ had to ‘You must do it.’ No change Change pronoun He said that I had to do it. In reported question, you should remember that the question need to change into the sentence form that: The subject comes before the verb. Do is not used Question marks are not used If and whether are used with Yes/No questions that do not have a word likes who, how, where to introduce them. “what are you drinking?’ →He asked what I was drinking. Change pronoun ‘Have you finished your homework?’ →He ask me if I finished my homework. Change tense Presene perfect →past Relative clauses have two used: 1.join clauses together 2.except for whose, they act as the subjects or objects of clauses. Main relative pronouns Used Which Animal or thing Who People Whom People object whose To explain a people Generally we use ‘which’ when we need to explain some animals or tings. I’ve got the answer. You were looking for it. Same object =which I’ve got the answer which you were looking for. We use ‘who’ for the explain or combine two sentence which talking about same subject as an person The man lives next The man is very to us. generous. Talking about the same man = who The man who lives next to us is veru generous. The ‘whom’ is similiar to ‘who’ but ‘whom’ must used as a object. He is a man. I like him. Object/people = Whom/who He is a man who/whom i like. Whose has two used: It joins claused together. It replaces his, her, its or their. An orphan is a child. His parents have died. His ↓ whose An orphan is a child whose parents have died. Gerunds is the –ing form which used as a noun. Gerunds can used as a subject or object. object subject e.g. Eating too much makes you fat. I don’t like reading. Gerunds can also have their own objects. Eating fried food makes you fat. I don’t like reading history books. Gerunds can used after preposition. Undo your shoelaces before taking off your shoes. I look forward to meeting you. object Sometime we can’t use gerund to followed some very but infinitive.There are some common verbs: Afford Agree Appear Arrange Attempt Decide Fail Forget Hope Learn(how) Manage Offer Plab Retend Promoise Refuse Seem Tend Threaten They have agreed to get married next year. Don’t pretend to be something that you are not. Melanie promoised to keep the news a secret, but she didn’t.