Download ing

UNIT 1
Paco arrives in Africa
By ep715. Creative Commons
.
Tense revision
Verb tenses are used to express time in any language. Many
English tenses do not have direct translation in Spanish.
So, be careful, revise all English tenses and try to do the
exercises provided to check that you understand when and
how every English tense is used.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Present simple
Present continuous
Past simple
Past continuous
Present perfect simple
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect simple
Past perfect continuous
-Ed / -Ing adjectives
•Adjectives ending in -ed mean effect or result: Paco was tired (that was
the result of the journey)
• Adjectives ending in -ing describe the person or thing that produces
the feeling (The journey was tiring)
If something or someone is ... -ing, they will make you feel ... -ed
Sometimes we doubt which adjective we have to use, -ed or -ing.
* The -ed adjectives (bored, surprised, frightened, etc.) are used to
express feelings, that is how people feel.
e. g. Paco was exhausted after the flight from the States.
* The -ing adjectives (boring, surprising, frightening, etc.) describe the
people or things that cause those feelings.
e. g. The flight was exhausting, so Paco was exhausted after the flight from the
States.
-Ing form and Infinitive
* The -ing form of a verb can be used as a noun. In these cases in
Spanish we use a noun or an infinitive: Skiing can be a dangerous
activity (Esquíar, El esquí ...)
Used as a noun can be the subject, object, complement of a sentence or
object of a preposition
Writing in English can be complicated (subject)
I hate writing compositions (object)
* The infinitive is the base form of a verb.
The to-infinitive is used:
after certain verbs: want, promise, hope, learn, ask, refuse, need,
choose, offer, decide, persuade, plan, expect, wish, would like.
after the auxiliaries to be, to have to, and ought to
used with the structure: 'to be + adjective + to-infinitive'
With the structure: verb + object + to infinitive.
The infinitive without "to" is used:
after most auxiliary verbs
after the verbs: make and let: make/let + object + infinitive
Word formation
Some words are formed by adding a PREFIX at the beginning of
an existing word. Have a look at this list:
dis- / fore- / full / hand / ill / mis / over / self / un / under
And some other words are formed by adding a SUFFIX at the end:
dom / er / ee / en / ess / ful / hand / ish / less / ly / mate / ness /
y / ship / ward(s)
Writing a descriptive composition
As you get started on your descriptive essay, it's important for you
to identify what you want to describe. Often, a descriptive
essay will focus on portraying a person, a place and sometimes
a pet
Writing a descriptive essay can be a rich and rewarding experience,
but it can also feel a bit complicated. It's helpful, therefore, to
keep a quick checklist of the essential questions to keep in
mind as you plan, draft, and revise your essay. Here you have
some hints:
Plan your descriptive composition
 Paragraph 1 Who or what you are going to write about.
 Paragraph 2 Physical description
 Paragraph 3 Information about personality or about what this
place means to you
 Conclusion Choose a suitable closing sentence or sentences