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• Direct object • Indirect object • Predicate nominative • Appositive • Noun of direct address • Subject • Object of the preposition • receives the action of the verb • noun or pronoun that follows the action verb • underlined and coded with a circle around it and D.O. above it D.O. EXAMPLE: The chair scraped the floor. The chair is the subject, scraped is the action verb, and floor is the direct object. Scraped what ? Answer: floor • tells to whom or for whom the action is done • noun or pronoun that is between the action verb and the direct object (can’t have an indirect object without a direct object) • underlined and coded with a box around it and I.O. above it I.O. D.O. EXAMPLE: Susan gave Bob a gift. Susan is the subject, gave is the action verb, gift is the direct object, and Bob is the indirect object. Gave what (gift) to whom ? Answer: Bob • noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject • underlined and coded with a P.N. above it P.N. Examples: Mrs. Jones is the principal. P.N. It was a forest. P.N. His shoes are cleats. • word or phrase that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that comes right before it • underlined and coded with a circle around it and APP above it Example: APP Thomas Edison, an American inventor, is responsible for many patents. • names the person or group being spoken to • underlined and coded with NDA above it Example: Are you sure that is the right NDA answer, John? • noun or pronoun that the sentence is about • underlined and coded with S above it Examples: S Joshua gathered his toys. S Green men will not invade Earth! • noun or pronoun that follows the preposition • underlined and coded with OP above it and close the parentheses after it Example: OP Ronald hobbled down the street because he twisted his ankle getting OP out of the car. • Predicate adjective • Infinitive • Possessive noun/pronoun • Clauses • adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject • coded like an adjective and with P.A. above it Example: P.A. adj. His shoes are incredibly comfortable. • to plus a verb (to eat, to sleep) that can act as an adjective, adverb, or noun • coded with parentheses around it and with its function as an adjective, adverb, or noun Example: Martians might use flying saucers adv. to invade Earth. D.O. He wants to start right away. • noun or pronoun that shows ownership of another noun or pronoun • coded like an adjective Examples: adj. Her cheeks were so red! adj. Is that Angela’s sweater? • are dependent (cannot stand alone) • can be noun, adjective, or adverb clauses • when building sentences with clauses, each clause only needs one card (n, adj, adv) • usually begin with the following words: that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever • can serve as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, or predicate nominative • coded with an underline under entire clause Example: The director determined who would design the set. A love of theater is what motivates her. • usually begin with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, that, which • tell which one, what kind, or how many, and describe nouns or pronouns • coded with parentheses around it and like an adjective Example: adj. The gear that a climber brings is important to his success. • usually begin with a subordinating conjunction: if, because, before, than, as, even though, so that, while, where, when, as if, since • tell where, when, why, how, to what extent, and under what conditions • coded with parentheses around it and like an adverb Example: adv. Because the trails were slippery, they were cautious.