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• Direct object
• Indirect object
• Predicate nominative
• Appositive
• Noun of direct address
• Subject
• Object of the preposition
• receives the action of the verb
• noun or pronoun that follows the action verb
• underlined and coded with a circle around it and
D.O. above it
D.O.
EXAMPLE: The chair scraped the floor.
The chair is the subject, scraped is the
action verb, and floor is the direct object.
Scraped what ? Answer: floor
• tells to whom or for whom the action is done
• noun or pronoun that is between the action verb and the
direct object (can’t have an indirect object without a
direct object)
• underlined and coded with a box around it and I.O. above
it
I.O.
D.O.
EXAMPLE: Susan gave Bob a gift.
Susan is the subject, gave is the action verb, gift is
the direct object, and Bob is the indirect object.
Gave what (gift) to whom ? Answer: Bob
• noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and
renames the subject
• underlined and coded with a P.N. above it
P.N.
Examples: Mrs. Jones is the principal.
P.N.
It was a forest.
P.N.
His shoes are cleats.
• word or phrase that identifies or renames the
noun or pronoun that comes right before it
• underlined and coded with a circle around it
and APP above it
Example:
APP
Thomas Edison, an American inventor, is
responsible for many patents.
• names the person or group being spoken to
• underlined and coded with NDA above it
Example:
Are you sure that is the right
NDA
answer, John?
• noun or pronoun that the sentence is about
• underlined and coded with S above it
Examples:
S
Joshua gathered his toys.
S
Green men will not invade Earth!
• noun or pronoun that follows the preposition
• underlined and coded with OP above it and
close the parentheses after it
Example:
OP
Ronald hobbled down the street
because he twisted his ankle getting
OP
out of the car.
• Predicate adjective
• Infinitive
• Possessive noun/pronoun
• Clauses
• adjective that follows a linking verb and
describes the subject
• coded like an adjective and with P.A. above it
Example:
P.A.
adj.
His shoes are incredibly comfortable.
• to plus a verb (to eat, to sleep) that can act as
an adjective, adverb, or noun
• coded with parentheses around it and with its
function as an adjective, adverb, or noun
Example:
Martians might use flying saucers
adv.
to invade Earth.
D.O.
He wants to start right away.
• noun or pronoun that shows ownership of
another noun or pronoun
• coded like an adjective
Examples:
adj.
Her cheeks were so red!
adj.
Is that Angela’s sweater?
• are dependent (cannot stand
alone)
• can be noun, adjective, or
adverb clauses
• when building sentences with
clauses, each clause only needs
one card (n, adj, adv)
• usually begin with the following words:
that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who,
whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever
• can serve as a subject, direct object, indirect
object, object of the preposition, or predicate
nominative
• coded with an underline under entire clause
Example:
The director determined who would
design the set.
A love of theater is what motivates her.
• usually begin with a relative pronoun:
who, whom, whose, that, which
• tell which one, what kind, or how many, and
describe nouns or pronouns
• coded with parentheses around it and like an
adjective
Example:
adj.
The gear that a climber brings is important
to his success.
• usually begin with a subordinating conjunction:
if, because, before, than, as, even though, so that,
while, where, when, as if, since
• tell where, when, why, how, to what extent, and
under what conditions
• coded with parentheses around it and like an
adverb
Example:
adv.
Because the trails were slippery, they were
cautious.