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Writing Complex Sentences #1: Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one subject and one verb I like to study grammar. A simple sentence is also called an independent clause. An independent clause ends with a period or semicolon. One subject I love you. One verb Independent clause: only one subject and one verb #2: Compound Sentence A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by one of the following: A comma and one of the FANBOYS A semicolon I like to study grammar, and I love this class. I like to study grammar; I love this class. A semicolon and a transitional I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class. Independent clause I love you, and you love me. Independent clause Two independent clauses joined together #3: Complex Sentence A complex sentence is a simple sentence (independent clause) to which a part of a sentence (dependent clause) has been added. Because I like to study grammar, I love this class. I love this class because I like to study grammar. Dependent clause Because you love me, I love you. Independent clause A dependent clause joined to an independent clause. (The dependent clause needs the rest of the sentence for support.) Fragment! Because you love me. A dependent clause contains a subject and verb. It begins with a subordinating conjunction, and thus it does not express a completed thought. A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause. Dependent clauses, like babies, cannot stand alone. A Tip on Punctuation Since dependent clauses are only part of a sentence, you can never connect them to another sentence with a semicolon. Semicolons are only used between two independent clauses. I have loved you for years ; although I never admitted it. No! I have loved you for years, although I never admitted it. OK Common Subordinating (Dependent) Conjunctions after even if although even though as if as if now that that once though whereas rather than unless whenever since because in order that before where wherever until whether so that when which than in case while Transitional Words or Phrases Transitional words or phrases connect one idea to another. To Show Chronological Order -afterward, again, also, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, besides, earlier, equally important, furthermore, meanwhile, moreover, simultaneously, soon, then, therefore, too, until, when To Indicate Spatial Order -above, below, beyond, elsewhere, farther on, here, near, nearby To Connect Examples or Show Emphasis -for example, for instance, in fact, of course, specifically, such as To Compare and Contrast -in comparison, also, likewise, similarly, although, on the contrary, and yet, but, despite, even so, however, yet To Trace Cause and Effect -because, consequently, otherwise, since, then, therefore To Summarize -in short, in simpler terms, in summary, that is, to summarize #4: Compound/Complex Sentence A compound/complex sentence is the last and most complicated type of sentence. It contains at least one dependent clause and at least two independent clauses. Dependent clause Because we are a family, I love you, and you love me. 2 independent clauses A dependent clause added to two or more independent clauses Connectors for CompoundComplex Sentences The complex and simple sentences may be joined by a coordinating conjunction(FANBOYS) or conjunctive adverbs. Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs: furthermore, meanwhile, therefore, hence, moreover, thus, however, and nevertheless Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Examples Although thought to be indestructible, the Twin Towers fell on Sept. 11, 2001, and that forever changed the NYC skyline. Self-Check Does your sentence have at least 2 independent clauses? Underline them. Are your sentences joined by a conjunction? Draw a box around it. Does your sentence have a dependent clause? Circle it. Does your dependent clause start with a transitional word or phrase? Draw a box around it. Good Job! Since every sentence in English fits into one of these four categories, Simple Compound Complex Compound/ complex YOU NOW KNOW EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW • To write anything you want to write • Any way you want to write it • And still get the punctuation right each time! CONGRATULATIONS!