Download Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
and
Functions of Words
Part of Speech: NOUN
Nouns name
–
–
–
–
Person
Place
Thing
Abstraction
• Idea
• Emotion
Kinds of nouns
– Common
– Proper
Function of NOUN in Sentence
Subject:
– Jack jumped over the candlestick.
Direct object:
– Mary had a little lamb.
– Jack sent Mary an invitation.
Indirect object:
– Jack sent Mary an invitation.
Object of the preposition:
– Jack jumped over the candlestick.
Noun function
Noun in direct address:
– Jack, will you help me?
Appositive:
– Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill.
Predicate nominative or subject complement:
– Mr. Smith is a grocer.
Possessive:
– Jack’s pail has a hole in it.
– The boys’ game was cancelled.
– The men’s game was cancelled.
Part of Speech: PRONOUN
Pronouns replace nouns: stand-in
for a person, place thing or
abstraction.
The noun replaced by the pronoun is
known as the antecedent
Function of PRONOUN in Sentence
Pronouns have all the same
functions as nouns.
Kinds of PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns – replace noun
–
–
–
–
1st person singular: I, me, my, mine
1st person plural: we, us, our
2nd person : you, you, your (thou, thee, thine)
3rd person singular: He,she,it; him, her, it;
his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no
apostrophe! it’s = it is )
– 3rd person plural: They, them, their
Interrogative pronouns – ask questions
– Who, whom, whose?
– Which, what?
Kinds of Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns – do not require an antecedent:
– Singular: another, any, each, nothing, one, anyone,
everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something,
either, neither
– Plural: few, many, some, all
Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by
introducing a noun or adjective clause
– The man, who hit my car, did not give me his license
number.
– who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what,
whatever, that
Kinds of Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns – point
– This, these
– That, those
Intensive pronouns – emphasize preceding noun.
Same form as
Reflexive pronouns – receive the action of the
subject who is the same person
– Singular: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself
– Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Part of Speech: ADJECTIVE
Adjectives describe, limit or modify a
noun or pronoun
– The blue dress was beautiful.
Article
– Definite: the
– Indefinite: a, an
Part of Speech: ADVERB
Adverbs modify or describe: verbs,
adverbs, and adjectives.
– He ran quickly.
– He ran very quickly.
– The dress was cobalt blue.
Part of Speech: PREPOSITION
Prepositions link a noun or pronoun
to other words in the sentence
creating a PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASE: preposition + noun
– He ran to the bus.
– She met me at six o’clock.
Function of PREPOSITION in
Sentence
Prepositional phrases always modify
or describe something.
Adjectival prepositional phrases:
– The stew for dinner was delicious.
Adverbial prepositional phrases:
– The stew was made with beef, potatoes,
carrots and onions.
Part of Speech: CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions connect
Coordinate conjunctions
– and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet
Correlative conjunctions
–
–
–
–
–
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
Not only…but also
Whether…or
Subordinate conjunctions
Function of CONJUNCTIONS
in Sentences
Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words,
phrases or clauses of equal weight.
– Jack and Jill went up the hill.
– Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after.
Correlative conjunctions – always used in
pairs also connect terms of equal weight
– Both Jack and Jill went up the hill.
– Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also tumbled
after him.
Subordinate conjunctions – create dependant
clauses by introducing adverb clauses
– When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.
Common
Subordinate Conjunctions
After
Although
As
As if
Because
Before
If
Once
Since
That
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Where
While
Part of Speech: INTERJECTION
Interjections exclaim or express
emotions
– Ouch
– Alas
– Oh
– All those words you curse with
Part of Speech: VERB
Verbs express action, state of being
or condition
Function of VERB in Sentence
Main verbs
– Action: walk, sing, fly
– State of being or linking: is, feel
Auxiliary (helping) verbs – combine
with main verbs to create verb phrases
– Be: am walking, was sung
– Have: had flown
Principal Parts of Verbs
Infinitive: to be
3rd person present tense: is
3rd person past tense: was
Past participle: been
to have, has, had, had
to walk, walks, walked, walked
to sing, sings, sang, sung
to fly, flies, flew, flown
VERB Tenses
Present:
– I walk
– The bird flies
Past
– I walked
– The bird flew
Future
– I shall walk
– The bird will fly
Perfect VERB Tenses
Present Perfect
– I have walked
– The bird has flown
Past Perfect
– I had walked
– The bird had flown
Future Perfect
– I shall have walked
– The bird will have flown
Progressive VERB Tenses
Present progressive
– I am walking
– The bird is flying
Past progressive
– I was walking
– The bird was flying
Future progressive
– I shall be walking
– The bird will be flying
VERB Voice
Active
– Jack threw the ball
Passive
– The ball was thrown by Jack
VERB Moods
Indicative – makes a statement
– The cow jumped over the moon.
Interrogative – asks a question
– Who jumped over the moon?
Imperative – gives a command or direct request
– Jump over the moon.
Subjunctive – expresses a wish or contrary-tofact statement
– If the cow jump over the moon, I will be surprised.
– I wish the cow would jump over the moon.
VERBALS
Parts of verbs that function as nouns,
adjectives or adverbs
– Present participle: being, walking, singing,
flying
• The flying bird overhead is a blue heron.
– Past participle: been, walked, sung, flown
• The opera sung last night was Carmen.
– Infinitive: to be, to walk, to sing, to fly
• To walk a mile every day is healthy.
– Gerund (always as a noun): being, walking,
singing, flying
• Flying is his passion