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CHAPTER 1 Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics A group of words must pass three tests in order to be called a sentence: • It must contain a subject, which tells you who or what the sentence is about. Gabriella lives in Manhattan. • It must contain a predicate, which tells you what the subject is or does. Gabriella lives in Manhattan. • It must express a complete thought. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics Two types of verbs make up all sentences: • An action verb describes the action in a sentence. dance drive write • A linking verb links the subject of the sentence to words that describe or rename it. appear be is seem become were Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics It can be hard to find the subject and verb in certain types of sentences: • The subject of a command is always understood to be you. [You] Give me that book. Subject Verb • In a question, the verb comes before the subject. To find the subject and verb, rewrite the question as a statement. Was Danielle home? Danielle was home. Copyright by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subject © 2002Verb CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics (Continued) It can be hard to find the subject and verb in certain types of sentences: • In a here or there sentence, the verb also comes before the subject. Here or there is never the subject. There goes my afternoon. My afternoon goes there. Subject Verb Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics There are two important rules for writing a sentence correctly: • Every sentence must start with a capital letter. The neighbors are getting loud. • Every sentence must end with a punctuation mark (a period, question mark, or exclamation point). The neighbors are making such a racket! Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics A sentence can have more than one subject or more than one verb (or both at once): • Compound subject Danielle and Darryl were home. • Compound verb The boxes have been packed, labeled, and shipped. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics There are several guidelines for using commas in a compound sentence: • DON’T separate a subject from a predicate with a comma. The woman riding the brown horse, is my sister. • DON’T put a comma between two parts of a compound subject or verb. Jamil, and Katy got engaged last week. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics (Continued) There are several guidelines for using commas in a compound sentence: • DO use a comma when a compound has three or more subjects or verbs. My boss, her assistant, and I arrived early for the meeting. This morning she jogged three miles, lifted weights, and stretched. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics A noun is a word that labels a person, place, thing, or idea. • A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea. The tigers are hungry. • A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea and begins with a capital letter. The tiger is named Shep. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics (Continued) A noun is a word that labels a person, place, thing, or idea. • A possessive noun shows ownership. An apostrophe (’)and an -s are used to form the possessive. Shep’s home is in northeast Asia. Tigers’ main food source is wild pig. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics Pronouns can replace nouns, making writing less repetitive. • A pronoun may be a subject I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who • A pronoun may be an object me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom • A possessive pronoun may stand alone mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose • A possessive pronoun may accompany a noun my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics (Continued) Pronouns can replace nouns, making writing less repetitive. • In compounds with a noun and a pronoun, it can be hard to figure out whether to use a subject pronoun or an object pronoun. To make it easier, cross out the noun. Kyoko and (I, me) went to a concert. (I, me) went to a concert. Kyoko and I went to a concert. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics Soundalike words, called homonyms, can cause confusion about when to use apostrophes. • Contractions use apostrophes. Possessive pronouns do not. You’re out of your mind. • Possessive nouns use apostrophes. Possessive pronouns do not. The robot’s metal hand reached out and scratched its head. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics (Continued) Soundalike words, called homonyms, can cause confusion about when to use apostrophes. • Never use an apostrophe to form a plural noun (even if it sounds like a possessive noun). The coal miners went out on strike and the steelworkers’ union voted to join them. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 1: Sentence Basics THE END Practice the skills you learned in this chapter by taking the Chapter Review Quiz or the GED Practice Quiz. Copyright © 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.