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Grammar
Question
Marks
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Punctuation
Colons
Exclamation
Marks
Semi-Colons
Full Stops
Speech
Marks
Commas
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Grammar
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Punctuation
Nouns
Chunks of
Meaning
Adverbs
Complex
Sentences
Auxiliary
Verb
Verbs
Improving
Sentences
Adjectives
Connectives
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Punctuation
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Chunks of Meaning
Words
• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
Clauses
subject
verb
the big dog was barking
At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking
rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.
• Words and phrases go together to make clauses
• A clause must always have a verb in
• It may also have other chunks, but as long as
there’s only one verb (or verb chain) it’s a single
clause
• Clauses can be put together to make compound
or complex sentences.
Chunks of Meaning
Words
Phrases
Clauses
subject
verb
the big dog was barking
Chunks of Meaning
Words
Phrases
Clauses
subject
verb
the big dog was barking
Sentences
At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking
rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.
Commas can also affect meaning
Sentence
Slow, children crossing.
• Go slowly there are children crossing the road.
Sentence
Slow children crossing.
• This is just describing that there are a group of slow
children crossing something.
Let’s Practice
Our teacher Mr Elliot like’s Tortoises a lot.
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The human body is a fantastic thing which we really
take for granted but should really take more care of.
School is fun most of the time but can sometimes be
boring.
The man ran down the hallway not noticing the people
behind him.
When you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that
can turn into nightmares.
She looked around wondering if anyone was following
her when she saw a shadow behind her.
Semi-colons
Where should they go?
;
Colons and Semi-colons
Like commas and full tops they mark
the places where you would pause
when speaking.
: ;
Each punctuation mark has a
certain strength.
.
:
;
,
The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is
stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.
Semi-colon
A semi-colon can sometimes be used to
replace a full stop. It links two
complete sentences and turns them
into one. A semi-colon can sometimes
be used to replace a full stop. It
links two complete sentences and
turns them into one.
Here’s how
The door swung open; a masked figure strode in.
He never took any exercise; consequently he became
very fat.
At the circus we saw a clown juggling with swords
and daggers; a lion who stood on a ball; a fire
eater with flashing eyes; and an eight year old
acrobat.
She was very tired; she had worked late the night
before.
Have a go!
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1.
The rabbit had been sadly neglected it was
in an awful state.
2.
John opened the drawer it was empty.
3.
The wedding invitations have all been sent
out two hundred guests are expected.
4.
Tom was very clever and worked hard he
deserved to pass all his Sats.
5.
Sally’s birthday is in November John’s is in
September.
Colons
Where should they go?
:
Colons and Semi colons
Like commas and full tops they mark
the places where you would pause
when speaking.
: ;
Each punctuation mark has a
certain strength.
.
:
;
,
The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon
is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.
Colon
A colon can sometimes be used to
introduce lists.
You need the following ingredients:
eggs, butter, flour, sugar and milk.
Colons
Are used in plays.
Tom: Don’t forget to lock the door.
Lisa: I won’t.
Tom: And close all the windows.
Colons
Can be used before direct speech,
instead of a comma.
To my amazement, I heard Mary say:
“I am never coming back.”
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Have a go!
1.
I think I have remembered everything, string,
nails, plywood, hammer and pliers.
2.
Remember the saying “A stitch in time saves
nine.”
3.
All my tools were stolen a hammer, saw,
screwdriver and wire cutters.
4.
I enjoy all subjects French, Spanish, English
and Maths.
5.
Roald Dahl wrote many books James and the
Giant Peach, Esio Trot and The Twits.
6.
I shall never forget his advice “If you can’t say
something nice, don’t say anything at all.”
Negative Prefixes
A prefix is added to the beginning of a word, or to a word
root to change its meaning. For example adding un to
pleasant becomes unpleasant. It makes the original word
an antonym (its opposite)
Try these: Move the un
to the root word and
see what antonym you
get
Un
pleasant
dress
decided
cooked
acceptable
did
Choose negative prefixes from the box to make each of
these words into antonyms.
word roots
justice
polite
approve
behave
possible
sufficient
literate
colour
trust
honest
In dis mis im il
Can you think of any more
examples of antonyms
containing these negative
prefixes? Does it change its
spelling in each case?
Use a dictionary and a thesaurus to help. On
your whiteboards write these word roots to
make antonyms. Work in pairs.
Antonym using negative
Word
prefix
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Grammar
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Punctuation
experience
logical
mature
regular
possible
complete
legal
reversible
Show me your
Whiteboards.
How did you get on?
What did you learn?
Their, There and They’re
Their
• Belonging to them
There
• Over there
They’re
• They are
Which one?
• How often do they tidy __________
mess up? Never!
Which one?
• How often do they tidy their mess up?
Never!
Which one?
• _________ legs are so long, they can
just walk over fences!
Which one?
• Their legs are so long, they can just
walk over fences!
Which one?
• The Science Books are over _____.
Which one?
• The Science Books are over there.
Which one?
• “__________” over __________!”
shouted Mr Studd.
Which one?
• “They’re” over there!” shouted Mr
Studd.
Which one?
• __________ lazy! That is ______
rubbish over __________. .
Which one?
• They’re lazy! That is their rubbish over
there.
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Grammar
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Punctuation
Punctuation
Making Sense of Writing
Capital Letters
• We need these to begin a new
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sentence.
Grammar
• For proper nouns which are the
names of people, places, book and
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Punctuation film titles.
• Can you think of any proper nouns
which need a capital letter?
Proper Nouns
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Grammar
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Punctuation
• Jenny, who lived in King
Street, Manchester, had a
pet frog who liked to jump in
the air. She wrote a book
about it called The Leaping
Frog.
Why do we need full
stops?
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Grammar
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Punctuation
• Full stops are needed to
divide up sentences so that
we know where to pause.
• They are used when we have
finished saying one thing, and
we are going on to say
something else.
Can you spot where we
need full stops?
• Sean was eating a large pizza he
was getting fed up with it he
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Grammar
decided to give the rest to the
dog the dog was happy
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Punctuation
Commas
• We need commas to separate
items in a list.
• She had a ham sandwich, a
drink, a jelly, and a chocolate
bar for lunch.
Any other reason for
commas?
• We also use commas to separate
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clauses in complex sentences.
Grammar
• The boy was playing with a
football, which had been signed
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by Wayne Rooney.
Punctuation
Question marks
• Of course we use question marks
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when a question is asked. This
Grammar
often occurs when characters
use speech.
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Punctuation
Can you all hear me?
Speech marks
• We let the reader know when
someone is speaking by putting
speech marks around the spoken
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Grammar
words.
• “I will be on TV some day,”
announced Jimmy. “ Just you
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Punctuation
wait and see.”
Exclamation marks!
• Exclamation marks are used to
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emphasise meaning. It could be
Grammar
to :• Give a word more strength
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Punctuation• Show someone is shouting
• Add a sense of urgency
HELP!
What shall we do now?
• First you must use capitals and full stops. Read it
out loud to yourself. Identify each sentence.
• Have you used a capital for proper nouns?
• Check if you have long sentences or lists that
need dividing up with commas.
• Have you used any questions? What do you need?
• Have you shown when a character is speaking?
• Do you wish to emphasise any words?
CHECK PUNCTUATION.
• You will all have a punctuation check
list.
• Use it every time you do a piece of
writing.
C . , ? “ ___” !
The Mighty Apostrophe
The apostrophe has 2
functions
1. To replace missing letters in
contractions.
2. To show that something
belongs to someone.
(possession)
Contractio
ns
I am
I’m
We are
We’re
He is
He’s
Now try contracting
these words.
• Can not
• Can’t
• She had
• She’d
• They are
• They’re
• He will
• He’ll
• We have
• We’ve
Possession
Apostrophes can also
be used to show that
something belongs to
someone else.
Mr Elliot’s chair
.
Have a go at putting the
apostrophes in the right
place.
• The pencil case that belonged to Megan.
•
•
•
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Punctuation
•
•
•
•
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Grammar
Megan’s pencil case.
The drink that belonged to Jack
Jack’s drink.
The book that belonged to Tiarna.
Tiarna’s book
The rubber that belonged to Charles
Charles’ rubber
Improving sentences
Objective – to improve sentences by
adding:
• adjectives
• adverbs
• a prepositional phrase
• an embedded clause
• an –ing and –ed clause.
Our basic sentence
A dog barked
.
Adding adjectives
What is an adjective and what is its job?
To describe the
noun
A describing
word
The dog barked.
The adjective goes
before the noun.
The ferocious dog barked.
The scruffy dog barked.
The aggravated dog barked
Now it’s your turn. Add an adjective. The-----------------dog barked
Adding adverbs
What is an adverb? What does it do?
Tells you how
something is being
done
It qualifies
the verb
The ferocious dog barked.
The ferocious dog barked noisily.
The ferocious dog barked excitedly.
Now it’s your turn, how did the dog bark? Add an adverb to your already
improved sentence.
Adding a prepositional
phrase
What is a prepositional phrase ?
It tells you where or when something
happened
Some examples are: on, in, under, by, after, through, during,
beside
They can go at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the
sentence.
The ferocious dog barked noisily.
All through the
night the ferocious
dog barked noisily.
The ferocious
dog barked
noisily
through the
hole in the
fence.
The ferocious
dog, in the back
of the car,
barked noisily.
Can you add a prepositional phrase to the beginning or end of your
sentence?
Embedding a clause –
a sandwich sentence
Adding in information between commas using who, which, that, with.
Use commas as the two slices of bread and then put in the filling – extra
information.
Put a , after the noun you are giving more information about then the
filling and close the sandwich with another ,
The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence.
The ferocious dog
,
who was trying to scare away the burglars
,barked noisily through
the hole in the fence.
The ferocious dog, who lived next door, barked noisily through
the hole in the fence.
The ferocious dog, that had just been injected, barked noisily
through the hole in the fence.
Embed a clause into your sentence.
Adding an –ing or –ed clause
The dog
,
This is just another type of clause that you can embed in your
sentence. The clause you embed begins with an –ing or an –ed
word.
Put the , after the noun you are giving
more information about and after the
filling!
running around in circles
,barked.
The dog, teased by the children
, barked.
Putting it altogether!
Here’s what we started with –
The dog barked.
And here’s our improved sentence!
The ferocious dog, who was
trying to scare away the
burglars, barked noisily
through the hole in the fence.
Let’s hear some of your examples…
Working in pairs
Choose a basic sentence for both of you to work with.
Roll the dice and follow the instructions. Let your partner
check your new sentence.
Score: 1point if you correctly add an adjective.
1 point if you correctly add an adverb
2 points if you correctly add a prepositional phrase
2 points if correctly embed a clause.
Add up all the points if you get the chance to shine!
The winner is the person with the highest number of points
when time is called.
On the dice –
Sentences to improve –
1=add an adjective
The boy ran.
2= add an adverb
The sun shone.
3 = add a
The horse galloped.
prepositional
The candle flickered.
phrase
The crowd cheered.
4= embed a clause.
The cat climbed.
The
game
Time to show what you
know!
The wolf howled.
Can you add an
adjective?
Can you add
an adverb?
Can you add a prepositional phrase?
Can you embed a clause
In your pairs, see if you can shine!
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Grammar
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Punctuation
Nouns
Let’s look at these words and see if we can
spot the nouns. Click on the words to see if
it’s a noun.
Nouns
noun
noun
not
not
not
noun
Verbs
Let’s look at these words and see if we can
spot the verbs. Click on the words to see if
it’s a verb.
Verbs
verb
verb
not
not
not
verb
Adjectives
Let’s look at these words and see if we can
spot the adjective. Click on the words to see
if it’s a adjective.
Adjective
not
adjective
not
adjective
adjective
not
Adverbs
Let’s look at these words and see if we can
spot the adverbs. Click on the words to see
if it’s an adverb.
adverbs
adverb
not
adverb not
not
adverb