Download Unit 3 - Ms. De masi Teaching website

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The present perfect expresses an action or
state that is completed at some indefinite
past time, but which still applies in the
present. The present perfect tense consists
of has or have + the past participle.
› Example: The Queen has visited Canada many
times.
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The past perfect expresses some action or
state that was completed before some
other past action.
› Example: We had already eaten when we
arrived at the hotel.
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Progressive tenses indicate a continuing
action or state. The present progressive
shows that an action began in the past
and is now continuing in the present. The
past progressive indicates an action that
was in progress at some point in the
future, or an action that will occur at a
particular time in the future.
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Progressive tenses are formed by using the
verb be plus the present participle. The
present participle is the form of the verb
that ends in –ing.
› Examples:
 Present Progressive: (is/are + present participle)
 My head is pounding.
 Past Progressive: (was/were + present participle)
 A fly was buzzing all night.
 Future Progressive: (will be + present participle)
 We will be arriving on Tuesday.
Write a sentence for each of the
following verbs and tenses
1. Fall (present progressive)
2. Discuss (past progressive)
3. Prepare (future progressive)
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Use may to ask for permission. Use can to
express the ability to do something.
› Examples:
 May I build a skateboard ramp in the backward.
 Errol can do amazing tricks
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Teach means “to give instruction.” Learn
means “to acquire knowledge.”
› Examples:
 Mme. Lefarge teaches us French.
 When will you learn to accept people for who they
are?
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Sit means “to take a resting position.” Its principal
parts are sit, sat. Set means “to place.” Its principal
part is set.
› Examples:
 Sit down and rest.
 She set the vase on the table and left the room.
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Lie means “to recline” or “to occupy a certain
space.” Its principal parts are lie, lay, lain. The present
participle is laying. Lay means “to place.” Its principal
parts are lay, laid. The present participle is laying.
› Examples:
 He lay down on the bed for a brief rest.
 She laid the sleeping baby in the crib.
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A verbal is a verb form that cannot function on
its own as a verb. Three forms of verbals are
participles, gerunds, and infinitives.
The past participle and present participle can
be used on their own as adjectives.
› Examples:
 Past Participle: burnt toast, frozen tuna
 Present Participle: a laughing smile, a running jump.
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A gerund is a present participle that is used as
a noun in a sentence.
› Examples:
 Running is hard on your knees.
 Irwin enjoys baking.
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The infinitive is the basic form of the verb,
which is often preceded by to.
Examples:
To help, to feel, to arrive
The infinitive can be used as an adjective,
an adverb, or a noun.
Examples:
His will to live was very strong. (adjective)
He was lucky to survive. (adverb)
To err is human. (noun)
•A verb must agree in number with its subject.
Examples: The dog is barking.
The cats are hissing.
•Difficulties with subject-verb agreement arise in the following instances.
Situation
Rule
Example
(Subject/verb)
Collective noun as the subject
Usually, use with a singular verb.
The jury was out for three days.
Indefinite noun as the subject
Usually, use a singular verb,
except with both, many, few,
others, and several, which take
a plural.
Everyone is happy for you.
One of the players is hurt.
Compound subjects
connected by and
Usually, use a plural verb, unless
the items form a single unit, or
refer to the same person or
thing.
Harry and Manny are knocking
down a wall.
The soup and sandwich is on
sale today. (single unit)
My oldest friend and best
buddy has moved away. (refer
to the same person)
Compound subjects
connected by or or nor
Make the verb agree with the
part closest to it.
Either your job performance or
your marks are going to suffer.
Either your job performance is
going to suffer.
Some of the cake is left over.
Some of the houses are sold.
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When words seperate the subject and
the verb in a sentence, be sure to make
the verb agree with the true subject.
› Example: A pair of gloves was left in the
snow.
(subject is pair, not gloves)
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In sentences that begin with There is or
There are, the verb agrees with the
subject that comes after the verb, not
with there.
Complete the sentences below. Use a
verb in the present tense that agrees
with the subject.
1. The Singer family and I_______________
2. The school band___________
3. Neither the kittens nor their mother_____
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Voice refers to the relation of a subject tot
he action expressed by the verb.
 In the active voice, the subject does the
action.
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› Example: The passengers tackled the hijacker.
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In the passive voice, the subject is acted
upon. Form the passive voice by using a
form of be (e.g., is, was, has been, will be)
plus the past participle.
› Example: The hijacker was tackled by the
passengers.
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Use the passive voice when the doer of
the action is unknown., unimportant, or
obvious. In most other cases, use the
active voice.
› Examples:
 A man was robbed near here last night.
(unknown actor)
 The solution was heated to 130 °C.
(unimportant actor)
 The defendant was found guilty of murder.
(obvious actor)
Rewrite each sentence in the active
voice.
1. Each of the tales in told by a different
character.
2. Many writers have been influenced by
Chaucer’s bawdy humour and insightful
characterizations.
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A pronoun is a word that replaces or stands for a
noun or another pronoun. Some common pronouns
include the following:
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I
it
Me
He
She
We
They
Them
Himself
Herself
This
That
those
Any
some
everyone
who
what
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The word that a pronoun replaces or refers back to is
called its antecedent. Pronouns must agree with their
antecedents in number and, in some cases, in
gender.
› Example:
antecedent
pronoun
 My mother thought that she had forgotten the car keys.
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When one of the singular indefinite pronouns listed below is used
as the antecedent to a pronoun, the pronoun must be singular.
Everyone
Everybody
Someone
Somebody
Anyone
Anybody
No one
Nobody
each
either
neither
nothing
In everyday conversation, the plural pronouns they, them, or
their are often used to replace a singular indefinite pronoun.
However, this is not acceptable in formal writing. Instead, use his
or her, or change the subject to make it plural.
Examples:
Incorrect: Everyone is responsible for their own belongings.
Correct: Everyone is responsible for his or her own belongings.
Correct: Passengers are responsible for their own belongings.