* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Active Reading Strategies pages 43-55
Sloppy identity wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Morphology (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Untranslatability wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Junction Grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Transformational grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sentence spacing wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Determiner phrase wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Quick Grammar Lesson Comp 1 Nine Parts of Speech Noun – Person, Place or Thing Verb – Indicates action or state of being Adjective – Modifies/describes a Noun or Pronoun Pronoun – Used in place of a Noun (I, you, he, that, somebody) Adverb – Modifies a Verb, Adjectives, or other Adverbs. Often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Preposition –links Nouns, Pronouns and phrases to other words in the sentence. (usually locates noun in time or space) Conjunction – Connects words, sentences, or phrases together. Interjection – Exclamatory word indicating emotion: Wow! Article – A, An, The Run-Ons (Fused Sentences/Comma Splices) A run-on sentence occurs when two or more independent clauses are joined without a punctuation mark or a conjunction. Run-on sentences are also known as fused sentences. Some run-ons can be caused by a comma splice which occurs when two or more independent clauses are joined with a comma but without a conjunction (such as and, or, but). Run-Ons (Fused Sentences/Comma Splices) The best way to avoid such errors is to punctuate compound sentences correctly by using one or the other of these rules: 1. Join the two independent clauses with one of the coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS), and use a comma before the connecting word. _________________________, so _________________________. There was a big sale at Macy’s, so she decided to go to the mall Run-Ons (Fused Sentences/Comma Splices) 2. When you do not have a connecting word (or when you use a connecting word other than FANBOYS between the two independent clauses) use a semicolon (;). ________________________;___________________________. There was a big sale at Macy’s; Jen wanted to go to shopping. or ________________________; therefore,____________________. There was a big sale at Macy’s; therefore, she wanted to go to the mall. Run-Ons (Fused Sentences/Comma Splices) 3. You can simply separate the two sentences using a period. ________________________.__________________________. She wanted to go to the mall. There was a big sale at Macy’s 4. You can combine the clauses appropriately by using a subordinating conjunction. ________________________because____________________. She wanted to go to the mall because there was a big sale at Macy’s Run-Ons (Fused Sentences/Comma Splices) So, run-ons and fused sentences are terms describing two independent clauses which are joined together with no connecting word or punctuation to separate the clauses. Incorrect: They weren't dangerous criminals they were detectives in disguise. Correct: They weren't dangerous criminals; they were detectives in disguise. Incorrect: I didn't know which job I wanted I was too confused to decide. Correct: I didn't know which job I wanted, and I was too confused to decide. Punctuation The Comma is used to separate parts of a sentence from one another. Commas, when used correctly, make your sentences clear and help in comprehension. Use a comma with these sentence rules: 1. Before a coordinating conjunction (fanboys) that joins two INDEPENDENT clauses. EX: The girl was sick, so she could not go to school. Her house was old, and the windows were broken. Punctuation 2. To separate three or more items in a series. EX: Fishing, hunting, and camping are his favorite hobbies. It snowed in Omaha, Iowa, and Kansas City. Some writers choose not to use the comma before the coordinating conjunction in a series however, sometimes it can cause confusion in the reader: EX: She packed all of her serving pieces, silverware and bowls. Punctuation 3. To separate two or more adjectives that modify the same noun when they are not joined by a coordinating conjunction. EX: The tall, smart girl sits in the back of the room. I drove the small, rusty car to California The student was a sweaty, shaky, panicky mess. These sentences do not work, why? The child bounced the bright, green ball. Five, flashy, sports cars passed me on the interstate. Punctuation 4. To separate introductory words, phrases, and clauses from the rest of a sentence EX: Above, the sky was bright and clear. When the bell rang, the students found their desks. A comma is not needed if there is no chance of confusion EX: Then a car ran the stop sign. Punctuation 5. To set off a nonessential clause from the rest of a sentence. A nonessential clause describes a specific word or phrase in a sentence, but does not change the meaning or understanding of who or what is being modified. The man who ordered another double anchovy pizza claims to have a pet dolphin in his backyard pool. Jen, who ordered another double anchovy pizza, claims to have a pet dolphin in his backyard pool. Punctuation 6. To set off parenthetical expressions or transitional words that begin the sentence. EX: Therefore, the boy was grounded for two weeks. EX: Horses, for example, usually only have one foal at a time. Punctuation 7. Dates, addresses, titles, and numbers EX: We start school on August 4, 2011. We start school in August 2011. We start school on August 4, 2011, in Omaha. EX: 485 Albert Way, Petaluma, CA 94952. EX: The Instructor was Jen Lambert, Ph.D. EX: The child counted to 10,000. Punctuation 8. Direct quotations EX: The old woman asked, “What is taking so long?” EX: “Not too much longer,” the child answered. Punctuation Do Not Use a Comma: 1. Between a subject and a verb 1. Jen, was startled when the baby screamed. 2. Between a single adjective and the word it is describing 1. I need a blue, dress for the dance. 3. Right next to other punctuation 1. “Why doesn’t she like me?,” the girl demanded. The Semicolon A semicolon indicates a stronger pause than a comma but not as strong as a period. A writer would use a semicolon: To join two closely related independent clauses. Ex: Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then. To join two independent clauses linked by a transitional expression. Ex: My students are very well behaved; therefore, they will pass the class. To separate items in a series if commas are already used within the items. Ex: I’ve lived in Petaluma, CA; Salt Lake City, UT; and Omaha, NE. Use the semicolon between two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence. Ex: When I finish here, I will be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep. Common Grammar Errors Use a lot, not alot (Note: This is a vague phrase. Can you be more specific?) Its is a possessive noun. Example: Its windows are made of glass. It’s is a contraction of “it is.” Example: It is a lovely day outside. Common Grammar Issues Their is plural and possessive. Example: Their house is always spotless. There refers to a particular place. Example: Please put the bowl over there. They’re is the contraction of “they are.” Example: They’re a very nice couple. Common Grammar Errors Do your nouns and verbs agree in tense and number? Check for homophones, words that sound alike bu t mean different things. Examples: affect/effect accept/except principal/principle