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STRUCTURE
GENERAL STRATEGIES
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Be familiar with the directions.
Begin with questions 1 through 15.
Continue with questions 16 through
40.
If you have time, return the
questions 11 through 15.
Guess to complete the section
before time is up.
STRATEGIES FOR THE
STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
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
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First study the sentence.
Then study each answer based
on how well it completes the
sentence.
Do not try to eliminate incorrect
answers by looking only at the
answers.
SENTENCES WITH ONE
CLAUSE
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A
SUBJECT AND A VERB
Engineers ____ for work on the new space
project.
(A) necessary
(B)
are needed
(C)
hopefully
(D) next month
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE
HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
Deep in the Rio Bec area of Mexico’s
Yucatan Peninsula __
(A) is a 1,250-year-old pyramid lying
(B) a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
(C) lies a 1,250-year-old pyramid
(D) does a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE
HAS A
SUBJECT AND A VERB
Deep in the Rio Bec area of Mexico’s
Yucatan Peninsula __
(A) is a 1,250-year-old pyramid lying
(B) a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
(C) lies a 1,250-year-old pyramid
(D) does a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE
HAS A
SUBJECT AND A VERB
__ almost every major city in the
world.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Air pollution what now afflicts
Air pollution now afflicts
Air pollution that now afflicts
Not only does air pollution now
afflict
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE
HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
__ almost every major city in the
world.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Air pollution what now afflicts
Air pollution now afflicts
Air pollution that now afflicts
Not only does air pollution now
afflict
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE
HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
The conchis, a sea snail, _________
close to 500,000 eggs when she
mates.
A. that she lays
B. lays
C. that lays
D. that laying
SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE
HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
The conchis, a sea snail, _________
close to 500,000 eggs when she
mates.
A. that she lays
B. lays
C. that lays
D. that laying
encomium
SKILL 2: BE CAREFUL OF
OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
With his friend ____ found the movie
theater.

has

he

later

when
PREPOSITION
about
across
after
against
along
among
around
as
at
before
behind
beside
between
beyond
by
despite
down
during
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
outside
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
unlike
until
up
upon
versus
with
within
without
DESPITE
Example:
Despite the current distance of the storm
from land, forecasters are urging
residents near the coast to begin taking
precautions.
NOTE: after despite, we use a noun, a
pronoun (that/this/what etc.) or –
ing.
off / on as prepositions
Off functions as a preposition of position or
movement
and is the converse of on. We speak of getting on a
bus and off a bus, taking things off the table and
putting them on the floor. Off appears in off the
coast
to describe something that is situated near or next to
land, but which is not exactly on the coast
Example:
The Inner and Outer Hebrides are situated off the
Western coast of Scotland.
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
An appositive is a noun that comes before
or after another noun and has the same
meaning.
Example
Sally, the best student in the class, got an
A on the exam.
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
Prejudices, _____________ essays
written by H. L. Mencken, a well-known
critic, protests the shallowness of social
and cultural aspects of American life.
A. a collection of
B. it is a collection of
C. being a collection of
D. is a collection of
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
Prejudices, _____________ essays
written by H. L. Mencken, a well-known
critic, protests the shallowness of social
and cultural aspects of American life.
A. a collection of
B. it is a collection of
C. being a collection of
D. is a collection of
encomium
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
The ____, the first daily newspaper in the
United States, first appeared in 1783.
A. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post
B. Pensylvania Evening Post is tow page
long
C. Pensylvania Evening Post was
D. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post’s
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
The ____, the first daily newspaper in the
United States, first appeared in 1783.
A. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post
B. Pensylvania Evening Post is two page
long
C. Pensylvania Evening Post was
D. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post’s
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
___, Jesse Owens won four gold medals
at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.
A. Excellent speed and running ability
B. The outstanding track athlete runs
C. An outstanding track athlete
D. He had excellent speed and running
ability
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF
APPOSITIVES
___, Jesse Owens won four gold medals
at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.
A. Excellent speed and running ability
B. The outstanding track athlete runs
C. An outstanding track athlete
D. He had excellent speed and running
ability
SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF
PRESENT PARTICIPLES
A present participle is the –ing form
of the verb. It is part of the verb when
it is accompanied by some form of
the verb be.
The man is talking to his friend.
VERB
SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF
PRESENT PARTICIPLES
The present participle –ing is an
adjective when it is not accompanied
by some form of the verb be.
The man talking to his friend has a
beard.
ADJ.
The child ____ playing in the yard is my
son.
 now
 is
 he
 was
BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT
PARTICIPLES
Thor Heyerdahl, __ from Peru in a frail
balsa craft, attempted to prove his
theory of South American migration to
Polynesia.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
she set sail
set sail
has set sail
setting sail
BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT
PARTICIPLES
Thor Heyerdahl, __ from Peru in a frail
balsa craft, attempted to prove his
theory of South American migration to
Polynesia.
(C)
she set sail
set sail
has set sail
(D)
setting sail
(A)
(B)
BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT
PARTICIPLES
Humans living at high elevations __ to
the lower level of oxygen in the air by
producing more red blood corpuscles.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
adjust
to adjust
the adjustment
adjusting
BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT
PARTICIPLES
The radiation piercing the
atmosphere __ of tanning or
burning in humans
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
it is the cause
causing it
is the cause
the cause
BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT
PARTICIPLES
On November 19, 1863, Abraham
Lincoln, speaking from notes on an old
__ the famous Gettysburg Address in
only two minutes time.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
gave the envelope
envelope giving
envelope, gave
gift of an envelope
SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF
PAST PARTICIPLES
The past participle is the form of the verb
that appears with have or be. It often ends
in –ed, but there are also many irregular
past participles in English.
The family has purchased a television.
VERB
The poem was written by Paul.
VERB
SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF
PAST PARTICIPLES
The past participle is an adjective when it is not
accompanied by some form of be or have.
The television purchased yesterday was expensive.
ADJECTIVE
The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine.
ADJECTIVE
SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF
PAST PARTICIPLES
The reactor core of a nuclear reactor
is housed in a steel vessel ___ by a
thick layer of concrete.
(A) is surrounded
(B) it surrounds
(C) surrounds
(D) surrounded
SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF
PAST PARTICIPLES
The Statue of Liberty, completed in
Paris in 1884, ___ in New York Harbor
in 1886.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
the unveiling
to unveil
it unveiled
was unveiled
SKILL 6: USE SENTENCE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

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Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.
Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will
do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to
sleep.
Like a mountain, the Empire State
Building creates its own updrafts,
___ have been observed to fall up.
(A) and snow and rain
(B) snow and rain
(C) of snow
(D) but snow
Like a mountain, the Empire State
Building creates its own updrafts,
___ have been observed to fall up.
(A) and snow and rain
(B) snow and rain
(C) of snow
(D) but snow
Using robot Super Achilles, a driverless'
submersible, __ can photograph shipwreck
up to 2,000 feet deep, and they can also
deploy parachutes to bring artifacts up to
the surface.
(A) for archeologists to be underwater
(B) underwater archeologists
(C) archeologists are underwater
(D) with archeologists underwater
Using robot Super Achilles, a driverless'
submersible, ___ can photograph shipwreck
up to 2,000 feet deep, and they can also
deploy parachutes to bring artifacts up to
the surface.
(A) for archeologists to be underwater
(B) underwater archeologists
(C) archeologists are underwater
(D) with archeologists underwater
Gustave Eiffel is famous for building
the Eiffel Tower, ____ for designing
the framework of the Statue of
Liberty.
(A) he is remembered
(B) is remembered
(C) yet he is seldom remembered
(D) yet remembered
Gustave Eiffel is famous for building
the Eiffel Tower, ____ for designing
the framework of the Statue of
Liberty.
(A) he is remembered
(B) is remembered
(C) yet he is seldom remembered
(D) yet remembered
SKILL 7: USE ADVERB CONNECTORS
CORRECTLY
I will sign the check before you leave.
Before you leave, I will sign the check.
ADVERB CONNECTORS indicating time:
after
as
as long as
as soon as
before
by the time
now that
once
since
until
when
whenever
while
Example:
The people danced as the music played.
ADVERB CONNECTORS indicating
contrast
Although
even though
though
As much as
except that
whereas
Despite the fact that
in spite the fact that
While
even if
not that
Example
Jim goes hiking, despite the fact that he has
asthma.
ADVERB CLAUSE
Prior to the discovery of anesthetics in
1846, surgery was done __ was still
conscious.
(A) while the patient
(B) the patient felt
(C) during the patient’s
(D) while patiently
ADVERB CLAUSE
A little fat is essential for humans___
retain body heat, gives muscles energy,
and keeps skin soft.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
as it helps
although it
it helps
in helping
ADVERB CLAUSE
The little terrier dog, Bobby, spent fourteen
years on his master’s tombstone in Greyfriar’s
churchyard shepherd’s ___ it were waiting for the
old return.
A.
B.
C.
D.
as though
even though
although
though
ADVERB CLAUSE
The little terrier dog, Bobby, spent fourteen
years on his master’s tombstone in Greyfriar’s
churchyard ___ it were waiting for the old
shepherd’s return.
A. as though
B. even though
C. although
D. though
“as though” indicates a manner.
ADVERB CLAUSE
__ Kublai Khan’s archers destroyed the
Burmese war elephants, he shattered the
elephant cavalry’s myth of invincibility.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Although
Until
When
So that
ADVERB CLAUSE
__ Kublai Khan’s archers destroyed the
Burmese war elephants, he shattered the
elephant cavalry’s myth of invincibility.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Although
Until
When
So that
The myth was shattered at the time the
elephants were destroyed.
The great stone city Angkor flourished for six
centuries __ it fell in 1431 and lay prey to
the jungle for four long centuries.
A.
B.
C.
D.
as soon as
because
until
so that
The great stone city Angkor flourished for
six centuries __ it fell in 1431 and lay prey
to the jungle for four long centuries.
A.
B.
C.
D.
as soon as
because
until
so that
“Until” indicates that the city flourished
and then fell.
___ children master the basics, advanced
development becomes easier.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The
Once
That
Even
___ children master the basics, advanced
development becomes easier.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The
Once
That
Even
Once means “as soon as” or “whenever”
ARCO
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
I don’t know why he said such things.
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB
I am thinking about why he said such things.
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Why he said such things
NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT
is not important.
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
“That” indicates a fact.
Example: I knew that he had to go.
“What” focuses on a fact.
Example: Everyone was surprised at what
he brought for the picnic.
“When” indicates a time.
“Where” indicates a place.
“Why” indicates a reason.
“Who” indicates a person.
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
“How many” indicates a quantity.
Ex: I’ve lost count of how many times I’ve
broken my glasses.
“Whose” indicates possession.
Ex: I never found out whose car was parked
outside our house.
“Whom” indicates a person.
Ex: Sue didn’t know to whom he was
engaged.
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
__ Freud and Marx were motivated
primarily by compassionate concern for
suffering humanity is elaborated upon in
Fromm’s biography.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Both are
What both
Both
That both
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
__ Freud and Marx were motivated
primarily by compassionate concern for
suffering humanity is elaborated upon in
Fromm’s biography.
A. Both are
B. What both
C. Both
D. That both
That completes the sentence by indicating the fact.
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
It was not until 1937 when the southernmost
A
B
source of the Nile river was discovered.
C
D
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
It was not until 1937 when the southernmost
A
B
source of the Nile river was discovered.
C
D
answer : that ( indicating the fact)
Cambridge Structure Test 3
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
The United Nations Organization maintains
what water will be at the heart of many
A
B
C
future international disputes.
D
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
The United Nations Organization maintains
what water will be at the heart of many
A
B
C
future international disputes.
D
Answer: That (indicating the fact)
Cambridge structure 3
SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY
I do not know
what is in the box.
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB
We are concerned about who will do the work.
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift.
NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT
SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY
The following words can be used as connectors in this
sentence pattern:
who
what
which
whoever
whatever
whichever
Here is an example of how this pattern can be tested in the
TOEFL Test
___ was on television made me angry.
(A). It
(B). The story
(C). What
(D). When
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The glass that she put on the table contains milk.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The woman is filling the glass that is on the table.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The glass that is on the table contains milk.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
“who” and “whom” are used to refer to people.
Example:
The man who saw the child works nearby.
S
V
-- OBJ --
(‘who” refers to the man).
The man whom we saw works nearby.
OBJ
S
V
(“whom” refers to the man).
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Mushrooms, ______ low in calories, are
included in most diets.
A.
B.
C.
D.
are
which are
have been
which
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Mushrooms, ______ low in calories, are
included in most diets.
A.
B.
C.
D.
www.encomium
are
which are
have been
Which
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
The lily of the valley displays bell-shaped
_____________ on one side of a thin
stem.




flowers that are clustered
that clustered are
that they are clustered
flowers are clustered
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
The lily of the valley displays bell-shaped
_____________ on one side of a thin
stem.
flowers that are clustered
that clustered are
that they are clustered
flowers are clustered
www.encomium
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Monteverdi, ___ works were mainly written on
commission for the private theaters of wealthy
Italian nobility, wrote his final opera in 1642.
(A) which
(B) who
(C) whom
(D) whose
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Monteverdi, ___ works were mainly written
on
commission for the private theaters of wealthy
Italian nobility, wrote his final opera in 1642.
(A) which
(B) who
(C) whom
(D) Whose
Whose : showing possession.
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Crossing Death Valley, __ temperatures reach
well above 110 degrees Fahrenheit, was a
nearly insurmountable task for the early
pioneers.
(A) which
(B) where
(C) that
(D) those
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
ADV
S
Crossing Death Valley, where temperatures
V
reach well above 110 degrees Fahrenheit,
was a nearly insurmountable task for the
early pioneers.
The clause connector “where” take an
adverb position
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Those for __ skiing is an obsession would
fine life in the Snowy Mountains to their
liking.
(A)which
(B)were
(C)whom
(D)whose
SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Obj. of Prep
Those for whom skiing is an obsession
would find life in the Snowy Mountains
to their liking.
“whom” is the clause connector that can take
the object of the preposition position and
refers to people.
SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND
VERBS
He can go to the movies.
Can he go to the movies?
You would tell me the truth.
Would you tell me the truth?
She was sick yesterday.
Was she sick yesterday?
SKILL 11: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
QUESTION WORDS
What is the homework?
When can I leave?
Where are you going?
I do not know what the homework is.
When I can leave, I will take the first train.
Do you know where you are going?
SKILL 12: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
PLACE EXPRESSIONS
Here is the book that you lend me.
There are the keys that I thought I lost.
Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.
In the closet are the clothes that you want.
Around the corner is Sam’s house.
Beyond the mountains lies the town where you
will live.
SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB
WITH CONDITIONALS
For present unreal events, we put the verb
in the condition clause one step back —
into the past:
I wish I had tickets.
If they were available anywhere, I would
pay any price for them.
SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB
WITH CONDITIONALS
For past unreal events — things that didn't
happen, but we can imagine — we put the verb in
the condition clause a further step back — into the
past perfect:
 I wish I had lived in Los Angeles when the
Lakers had Magic Johnson.
 If I had known you were coming, I would have
baked a cake.
SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB
WITH CONDITIONALS
 If he had taken more time, the results would have been
better.
 Had he taken more time, the results would have been
better.
 I would help you if I were in a position to help.
 I would help you were I in a position to help.
 If you should arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.
 Should you arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.
SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB
WITH CONDITIONALS
The report would have been accepted ___ in
checking its accuracy.




if more care
more care had been taken
had taken more care
had more care been taken
SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB
WITH CONDITIONALS
Were __ millions of dollars each year
replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline
would be changing even more rapidly.
A. the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not spending
B. the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not spend
C. the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers does not spend
D. Not spending the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB
WITH CONDITIONALS
Were __ millions of dollars each year
replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline
would be changing even more rapidly.
A. the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not
spending
B. the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not spend
C. the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers does not
spend
D. Not spending the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
Example:
Hardly ever does he take time off.
(This means that he almost never takes time off.)
Seldom does Amanda buy a newspaper.
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
hardly ever
neither
no sooner…than
nor
not once
not only ..as well
not until
nowhere
only
only by
only then
rarely
scarcely…when
seldom
under no circumstances
never
not often
not only .. but also
on no occasion
only in this way
scarcely
so
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
___ should a young child be allowed to
play with fireworks without adult
supervision.
A. Under no circumstances
B. No sooner than
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
___ should a young child be allowed to
play with fireworks without adult
supervision.
A. Under no circumstances
B. No sooner than
(means never)
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
Not until 1865 ___ the first antiseptic
treatment on a compound fracture.
A.
B.
C.
D.
when Joseph Lister tried
when did Joseph Lister try
did Joseph Lister try
that Joseph Lister tried
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
Not until 1865 ___ the first antiseptic
treatment on a compound fracture.
A.
B.
C.
D.
when Joseph Lister tried
when did Joseph Lister try
did Joseph Lister try
that Joseph Lister tried
Cambridge 211
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
Only if packages are labeled properly,
A
sufferers will be able to avoid severe
B
C
allergic reactions.
D
INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH
NEGATIVES
Only if packages are labeled properly,
A
sufferers will be able to avoid severe
B
C
allergic reactions.
D
Should be will sufferers. Cambridge 213
THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION
QUESTIONS
STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION
QUESTIONS

First look at each of the four underlined
words or groups of words.

If you have been unable to find the error by
looking only at the four underlined
expressions, then read the complete
sentence.

Never leave any answers blank.
PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB
AGREEMENT
SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE
Example:
(Behind the house) was* the bicycles I
wanted.
(Behind the houses) were* the bicycle I
wanted.
SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS
AGREE
Tucked away in the mountains of Bolivia
A B
C
and Peru are the highest navigable lake
D
in the world.
SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS
AGREE
Tucked away in the mountains of Bolivia
A B
C
and Peru are the highest navigable lake
D
in the world.
SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS
AGREE
Brown rice contains more essential
A
nutrients than do a comparable
B
C
serving of refined white rice.
D
SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT AFTER
INVERTED VERBS
question
negative
place
condition (no if)
comparison
V
S
After question words, negative expressions, place
expressions, conditions without if, and
comparisons, the verb agrees with the subject,
which may be after the verb.
AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
Example:
The largest of all the herd animals are the musk ox.
A
B
C
D
Nothing living on the earth are capable of outrunning a cheetah.
A
B
C
D
The leaflike sepals of a flower
protects the tender petals before
A
B
C
the bud opens.
D
The leaflike sepals of a flower
protects the tender petals before
A
B
C
the bud opens.
D
The age of aquatic fossils are
A
determined by the Varvae method,
which is based on counting annual
B
layers of sand and clay deposited in
C
a body of water.
D
The age of aquatic fossils are
A
determined by the Varvae method,
which is based on counting annual
B
layers of sand and clay deposited in
C
a body of water.
D
A factor in the formation of deserts
are high mountains, which shield the
A
B
desert region from rainfall.
C
D
A factor in the formation of deserts
are high mountains, which shield the
A
B
desert region from rainfall.
C
D
SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT WITH
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
S
(prepositional phrase)
V
When a prepositional phrase comes between
the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb
agrees with the subject.
SKILL 12: AGREEMENT AFTER
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
Example:
All of the hoofed mammals walks on the tips of their toes.
A
B
C
D
Most of the world’s great mountain ranges has been
A
B
C
created by the folding of the earth’s crust.
D
SKILL 12: AGREEMENT AFTER
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
Example:
All of the hoofed mammals walks on the tips of their toes.
A
B
C
D
Most of the world’s great mountain ranges has been
A
B
C
created by the folding of the earth’s crust.
Not very much of the earth’s land
A
B
surface are covered by glaciers.
C
D
Not very much of the earth’s land
A
B
surface are covered by glaciers.
C
D
Most of the bones of a bird is hollow,
A
B
C
with the interior honeycombed to give
D
added strength.
Most of the bones of a bird is hollow,
A
B
C
with the interior honeycombed to give
D
added strength.
change is to are
SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT AFTER
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
all
most
some
of the (object)
V
half
part
When an expression of quantity using of is the
subject, the verb agrees with the object.
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
Example:
No one are quite sure how the electricity that causes
A
B
C
lightning builds up.
D
Most pulsars are so faint that nobody are able to see
A
B
C
them without a very powerful telescope.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
Example:
No one are quite sure how the electricity that causes
A
B
C
lightning builds up.
D
Most pulsars are so faint that nobody are able to see
A
B
C
them without a very powerful telescope.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
In spite of the abundance of less
expensive fabrics, nothing have
A
replaced silk as the first choice for
B C
elegant clothing.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
In spite of the abundance of less
expensive fabrics, nothing have
A
replaced silk as the first choice for
B C
elegant clothing.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
Every period of growth in trees are
A
B
C
marked by an annual growth ring.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
Every period of growth in trees are
A
B
C
marked by an annual growth ring.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
Nothing from any of the space probes
A
B
have indicated that intelligent life
C
exists elsewhere in the universe.
D
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
Nothing from any of the space probes
A
B
have indicated that intelligent life
C
exists elsewhere in the universe.
D
SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT AFTER
CERTAIN WORDS
These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so
they take singular verbs:
anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+ noun)
anyone everyone
no one someone every (+ noun)
anything everything nothing something
Verb Used with Simple Forms
have
let
make
would rather
Example: Penny let her son go on the trip.
Verbs Followed by an Infinitive
She agreed to speak before the game.
agree
aim
appear
arrange
ask
attempt
be able
beg
begin
care
choose
condescend
consent
continue
dare
decide
deserve
detest
dislike
expect
fail
forget
get
happen
have
hesitate
hope
hurry
intend
leap
leave
like
long
love
mean
neglect
offer
ought
plan
prefer
prepare
proceed
promise
propose
refuse
remember
say
shoot
start
stop
strive
swear
threaten
try
use
wait
want
wish
Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive
Everyone expected her to win.
advise
allow
ask
beg
bring
build
buy
challenge
choose
command
dare
direct
encourage
expect
forbid
force
hire
instruct
invite
lead
leave
like
love
motivate
order
pay
permit
persuade
prepare
promise
remind
require
send
teach
tell
urge
want
warn
Verbs Followed by a Gerund
They enjoyed working on the boat.
admit
advise
appreciate
avoid
can't help
complete
consider
delay
deny
detest
dislike
enjoy
escape
excuse
finish
forbid
get
through
have
imagine
mind
miss
permit
postpone
practice
quit
recall
report
resent
resist
resume
risk
spend (time)
suggest
tolerate
waste (time)
PROBLEMS WITH PARALLEL
STRUCTURE
I like to sing and dancing.*
I like to sing and to dance.
I like singing and dancing.
SKILL 15: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE
WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
Here are examples of two nouns joined by a coordinate
conjunction:
 I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.
 You can choose from activities such as hiking and
kayaking.
Here are examples of two clauses joined by a coordinate
conjunction:
 They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
 Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to
stay late.
PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
(same structure)
and
but
or
(same structure)
and
(same structure), (same structure) but (same structure)
or
SKILL 16: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH
PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
The paired conjunctions both…and, either…or,
neither…nor, and not only…but also require
parallel structures.
 I know both where you went and what you did.
 Either Mark or Sue has the book.
 The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my
purse.
 He is not only an excellent student but also an
outstanding athlete.
USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH
COMPARISONS
My school is farther than your school.
To be rich is better than to be poor.
What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken.
Their car is as big as a small house.
Renting those apartments costs about the same as
leasing them.
The work that I did is similar to the work that you did.
PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH
COMPARISONS
more….than
(same structure)
-er….than
less…. than
as……as
the same….. as
similar…..to
(same structure)
PROBLEMS WITH COMPARATIVES
AND SUPERLATIVES
SKILL 17: FORM COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY
 Bob is taller than Ron.
 Sally is more beautiful than Sharon.
 Bob is the tallest man in the room.
 Sally is the most beautiful of all the women at
the party.
 The fastest runner wins the race. (no in or of)
USE THE IRREGULAR –ER, -ER
STRUCTURE CORRECTLY
The harder he tried, the further he fell behind.
The more children you have, the bigger the house
you need.
The harder you work, the more you accomplish.
The greater the experience, the higher the salary.
References
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete
Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc.
and
Any sources from the internet and books