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Gramática Española Masculine Nouns Feminine Nouns Libro Chico Cuaderno Bolígrafo Vestido Casa Universidad Situación Mesa Libertad Gender: Word ending ma l o n e r s d ión z a El La Los Las Masculine Singular Plural Feminine El gato La gata Los gatos Las gatas Un Una Unos Unas Masculine Feminine Un gato Una gata Unos gatos Unas gatas Add -> s Add -> es to nouns that end to nouns that end in a vowel in a consonant Singular Plural gato gatos casa casas Singular Doctor papel Ending -> z changes to c Plural Singular Doctores lapiz papeles pez Plural lapices peces Subject Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object pronouns Object of Preposition Yo Tú Él/Ella/Ud. Nosotros/as Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Me Te Lo/La Nos Los/Las Me Te Le Nos Les Mí Tí Él/Ella/Ud. Nosotros/as Ellos/Ellas/Uds. When used together, the Indirect Object Pronoun always comes before the Direct Object Pronoun: ¿Me la puedes traer? Se replaces le and les before the Direct Object Pronoun lo, la, los and las: Se lo di al director. Reflexives pronouns indicate that the subject both performs and receives the action of the verb: Carlos se levantó temprano Reflexive pronouns are used with some verbs to indicate inner processes or emotional reaction: Amanda se enojó cuando oyó las noticias The reflexive object pronoun nos, os and se can be used to express reciprocal actions: Él y su abuelo se abrazaron Combined with an Indirect Object pronoun and a Verb to express an unintentional event: Se me olvidó el libro. Se also can be used to express an indefinite subject: Se habla Español. Se also can be used to express passive voice: Se construyeron muchas casas. The neuter relative pronoun lo que… can be translated as What, Whatever, or Which: Eso es lo que dijo Susana ¿Cuánto(a)? ¿Adónde? ¿Cuántos(as)? ¿Cómo? ¿De dónde? ¿Cuál (es)? ¿Dónde? ¿Cuándo? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué? ¿Quién (es)? Inequality: use the same structure with adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Equality: tan is used with adjectives and adverbs and tanto/a/os/as with nouns. Más adjective + Menos adverb + que noun Más + de + number Menos They use the same structure with adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. tan + adjective or adverb + como tanto/a/os/as + noun + como tan is used with adjectives and adverbs and tanto/a/os/as with nouns. Are words that describe nouns. The adjectives must agree in gender (masc. or fem.) and number (sing.or pl.) with the noun it modifies. Adjectives that end in - e or in consonant only agree in number. Descriptive adjectives are usually placed after the noun they modify. Ending Masculine With an - o(a) El gato simpático La gata simpática Los gatos simpáticos Las gatas simpáticas El niño inteligente La niña inteligente Los niños inteligentes Las niñas inteligentes El traje azul La blusa azul Los trajes azules Las blusas azules With an – e With a consonant Feminine Are used to point things out with their relationship to the speaker. Near middle or far from you. They correspond to the English demonstratives adjectives this, that, these and those this, that, these and those Near from you Masculine Este chico Estos chicos Este libro Estos libros Este vaso Estos vasos Feminine Esta chica Estas chicas Esta manzana Estas manzanas Esta casa Estas casas Middle range from you Masculine Ese chico Esos chicos Ese libro Esos libros Ese vaso Esos vasos Feminine Esa chica Esas chicas Esa manzana Esas manzanas Esa casa Etas casas Far from you Masculine aquel chico aquellos chicos aquel libro aquellos libros aquel vaso aquellos vasos Feminine aquella chica aquellas chicas aquella manzana aquellas manzanas aquella casa aquellas casas Possesive adjectives tell you whose Object or person is being referred to (my car, his book, her mother, your turn, their chance, our class). Note: Possession can also be expressed with the preposition de: Es la casa de Luis instead of es su casa Singular Masculine Mi libro Tu libro Su libro Nuestro libro Su libro Feminine Mi casa Tu casa Su casa Nuestra casa Su casa Plural Masculine Mis libros Tus libros Sus libros Nuestros libros Sus libros Feminine Mis casas Tus casas Sus casas Nuestras casas Sus casas Singular Masculine Mío Tuyo Suyo Nuestro Suyo Feminine Mía Tuya Suya Nuestra Suya Plural Masculine Míos Tuyos Suyos Nuestros Suyos Feminine Mías Tuyas Suyas Nuestras Suyas Sí Algún, alguna También Algo Algunos, algunas o…o Alguien Siempre ya No Nada Nadie Ningún, ninguna También Ningunos,ningunas O…o Siempre Ya Infinitive Present Participle Past Participle cant – com – Viv - to speak to eat to live speaking eating living spoken eaten lived Subject cant com escrib Pronouns Yo o o o Tú as es es Él/Ella/Ud. a e e Nosotros/as amos emos imos Ellos/Ellas/Uds an en en I sing I eat I write Subject cant com escrib Pronouns Yo aba ía ía Tú abas ías ías Él/Ella/Ud. aba ía ía Nosotros/as ábamos íamos íamos Ellos/Ellas/Uds aban ían ían * used to sing * used to eat * used to write Subject Pronouns Yo Tú Él/Ella/Ud. Nosotros/as Ellos/Ellas/Uds cant - com é aste ó amos aron *did sing/sang escrib í í iste iste ió ió imos imos ieron ieron *did eat/ate *did write/wrote Subject cant com escrib Pronouns Yo é é é Tú ás ás ás Él/Ella/Ud. á á á Nosotros/as emos emos emos Ellos/Ellas/Uds án án án * will sing * will eat Do not drop ending! * will write Subject cant com escrib Pronouns Yo ía ía ía Tú ías ías ías Él/Ella/Ud. ía ía ía Nosotros/as íamos íamos íamos Ellos/Ellas/Uds ían ían ían *would sing *would eat Do not drop ending *would write Copyright Notice This material is free for Individual use only. Reproduction for other purposes is prohibited without written permission from: www.lacany.org/ila/spa1 [email protected] [email protected] ® Carlos M. Ossa 1997-2002