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The High Middle Ages
The CrusadesHoly Lands (where Jesus lived and taught) conquered by Saljuq Turks
Christian pilgrims attacked & persecuted
Turks also threatened Constantinople
Byzantine Emperor sought help from Pope Urban II in Rome
At the meeting at Clermont Urban calls for a Crusade to regain the Holy Land
Those who died on Crusade were promised to go to heaven
The 1st Crusade
Led by French & Norman nobles, it lasted from 1096–1099
Passed through Constantinople then across Asia Minor toward Palestine
Dressed wrong for climate- it was very hot, they had wool, leather & armor
Shortage of food & water because they had few pack animals
Fortunately Turks were disunited, unable to effectively oppose them
Conquered several cities as well as Jerusalem.
Crusaders slaughtered inhabitants (Jews & Muslims)
Crusaders occupied Jerusalem for nearly 100 years before Turks recaptured it.
This was the only truly successful Crusade
Chapter 11, Sect. 1
The Crusades
2nd CrusadeBegan in 1147 after Turks recaptured city of Edessa
King Louis VII of France & the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led their armies
No cooperation, a dismal failure, they returned to Europe in disgrace after 2 yrs.
3rd Crusade-
1189-1192 after Salah al-Din captured city of Jerusalem in 1187
Leaders:
King Richard the Lion Heart of England
King Philip II of France (turned back after dispute)
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa - Holy Roman Empire (drowned crossing stream)
3rd Crusade a failure, had a truce which allowed Pilgrims access to Jerusalem
Later CrusadesSeveral later Crusades were attempted, but none successfully
Some Crusades were disastrous
Chapter 11, Sect. 1
The Crusades
Results of the CrusadesMilitarily all except 1st were failures
Military knowledge increased – crossbow, siege tactics, use of gunpowder
Departure many nobles allowed kings to consolidate power, weaken feudalism
EXCHANGE OF IDEAS – re-introduction of classical ideas
INTRODUCTION OF NEW PRODUCTS, REVIVAL OF TRADE
Rice, sugar, citrus fruit, melons, cotton, many spices
THE CRUSADES CHANGED EUROPE FOREVER (turning point in history)
Chapter 11, Sect. 1
The Revival of Trade
Trade had nearly died out after the Fall of Roman Empire
Manor system had develop great self-sufficiency
Trade RoutesTrade began to revive in Italy,
Towns had not declined as much as elsewhere
Favorable location in middle of Mediterranean
Its ports were often used by crusaders to leave or re-enter Europe
Trade also began to revive in northern Europe via the Vikings
Around 1100 large cities became trading centers in Europe
European trade routes went from city to city where manufacturing had begun
People moved from the manors to the cities
Chapter 11, Sect. 2
The Revival of Trade
Articles of Trade Crusades had created increase in demand for exotic goods from the East:
•spices, medicines, perfumes, dyes, & precious gems
•silk, cotton, & linen textile products
•gold, silver, & ivory art objects
•And much more
Europe offered the following for trade:
•fur, timber, fish, grain
•wine, oil, leather, weapons & armor
•metal goods, glassware, fine woolen cloth
Markets & FairsVillage market days, religious festivals evolved into fairs exclusively for trade
Local rulers offered protection to encourage trade at fairs
Used Barter Economy (goods & services exchanged for other goods & services)
At large fairs (Champagne, France) money began to be used to make trade easier
They also served as a means of sharing news & information (cultural diffusion)
Chapter 11, Sect. 2
The Revival of Trade
Manufacturing, Banking, & Investment Manufacturing systems:
•Domestic System- manufacturing the takes place in the workers’ homes
Banking •Bank from old Italian word “banca” means “money changers bench”
•Exchanged currency, developed “notes” for $ transfer, lent money
•Jews were money lenders - Christians forbade charging interest (usury)
Investment
•Capital- wealth earned, saved, & invested to produce profits
•Partnerships formed to pool capital
Laid foundation for emergence of Market Economy,
•where land, labor, & capital are controlled by individuals
•Formed basis of modern capitalist system
Chapter 11, Sect. 2
The Growth of Towns
The Rights of Townspeople
Towns sought their own government:
•Some lords allowed charters & governments
•Some refused and rights were won by force
•Helped destroy feudalism
Four Basic Rights •Freedom – no longer bound to the land if officials did not challenge
them for a year and a day
•Exempt status – residents of towns not required to work on manor
•Town Justice – had own courts to try residents
•Commercial privileges – right to sell goods free at town market and
charge outsiders tolls to trade there
Chapter 11, Sect. 3
The Growth of Towns
Guilds Medieval merchants united in associations
Merchant Guilds:
•Gained monopoly on trade in a given area or town
•Charged others a fee to trade in their area
•Helped members & families
Craft Guilds •Includes all people in a particular manufacturing craft
•Helped regulate wages & working conditions
•Set standards of quality
•Developed training system
•Apprentice -1st stage of craft training, overseen by master
•Journeyman – Skilled artisan, worked for daily wages from a master
•Masters – may open own shop & train other artisans
Chapter 11, Sect. 3
The
Growth
of
Towns
Rise of the Middle Class •A new class including merchants, master workers, and skilled workers
•They were called
•burgesses in England,
•bourgeoisie in France,
•burghers in Germany
•All from word burg or borough, meaning town
•They supported strong central governments as opposed to feudal system
Life in a Medieval Town •9 of 10 were smaller than 2,000
•Usually located in a defensible position (hilltops, bend of river, etc.)
•Close packed buildings, 5-6 stories high
•Narrow garbage & sewage filled streets
•Sickness & epidemics common
•Still a very busy, interesting place
Chapter 11, Sect. 3
Life & Culture in the Middle Ages
Language & Literature •Educated people cont’d speaking & writing in Latin after fall of roman Empire
•The common people spoke a variety of local languages (vernacular)
•Eventually writers began writing in the vernacular.
•Troubadours (traveling singers) wrote & sang ballads of
Chivalry & love in the vernacular
•Drama was also written & performed in the vernacular
•Two of greatest authors who wrote in the vernacular, were
•Dante Alighieri – Italian, wrote in native tongue of Tuscany, which
became basis for Italian – greatest work – “Divine Comedy”
•Geoffrey Chaucer – English, wrote “The Canterbury Tales,” series of stories
Based on pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Thomas Beckett
Education •Very few people were educated (usually come clergy & a few nobility)
•Eventually schools were established for higher learning
•Students & teachers formed a guild called a universitas (later became universities)
Chapter 11, Sect. 4
Life & Culture in the Middle Ages
Philosophy •Roman & Greek Classics introduced to Europe via Muslims in Spain.
•Scholars attempt to reconcile classical ideas with Church doctrine (Scholasticism)
•Peter Abelard – scholastic philosopher – questioned conflicting doctrines
•Thomas Aquinas – Dominican Friar, greatest Medieval philosopher,
wrote “Summa Theologiae” a summary of Christian thought
Science •Attempted to justify Church doctrines.
•Only two subjects received serious attention, math & optics
•Studied practical application of mechanical knowledge
•Some experimentation done in monasteries )Mendelssohn - genetics
Chapter 11, Sect. 4
Life & Culture in the Middle Ages
Art & Architecture •Most art dedicated to glorifying God.
•Most architects stayed with Roman
(Romanesque) styles
•Heavy thick walls – small windows
– rounded arches – very dark
interiors
•Mid 1100’s different style emerged –
“Gothic”
•Thinner walls – large windows –
pointed arches – flying buttresses –
light inside
•Exemplified change (hinted of the
coming Renaissance)
•The poor still lived in wood with mud
covered huts with thatched roofs.
Chapter 11, Sect. 4
Wars & the Growth of Nations
England
•Patriotism – feeling of loyalty or belonging to a country as a whole
•Power of the king increased even though limited by Parliament
•Professional army eliminated dependence on vassals
•Villages grew as power of the Lords declined
•fewer serfs, more free peasants
•A single court system developed, giving legal control to monarchy
•Parliament grew stronger by controlling any extraordinary taxes
The Hundred Years War
•Series of conflicts with France from 1337 - 1453
•Edward III because he held Aquitaine & Gascony, was vassal to French King
•When last male heir Capetian Dynasty passed, Edward claimed French throne
•HUNDRED YEARS war harder on France because it was fought in France
Chapter 11, Sect. 5
Chapter 11, Sect. 5
Wars & the Growth of Nations
New Weapons
•Longbow – English. 200 yd effective range, ended effective use of
mounted knights
•Gunpowder was used increasingly as an explosive and propellant
•Use of cannons – used to batter down castles during sieges.
•Castles no longer effective protection
The War of the Roses (1455-1485)
•Struggle for throne- between Lancasters & Yorks
•Henry Tudor emerged victorious (become Henry VII)
•Henry established a strong monarchy
Wars & the Growth of Nations
France
•Joan of Arc – 16yr old peasant girl had vision from saints told her to help
defend city of Orleans. Inspired army to save city. Church tried her as a heretic,
burned her at stake. Considered a martyr & church later made her a saint.
The Estates General•1302 established by Philip IV
•First Estate – Clergy
•Second Estate – Nobles
•Third Estate – Common people
•During 100 years wars controlled finances & lawmaking
Chapter 11, Sect. 5
Wars & the Growth of Nations
Spain
•Ferdinand & Isabella – married joined their separate kingdoms
(Aragon & Castile) against the Moors (Muslims). Captured Navarre
& Granada to create a unified county – Spain. Ordered all Jews to become
Christians or leave Spain.
Holy Roman Empire
•Germanic Area & Peninsula – initially loose group of smaller states,
elected Holy Roman Emperor who had little real power. Over time Habsburg
Family consolidated power by a clever use of political intermarriage between
member countries. Countries of Germany & Italy did not surface as unified
states until the 1800’s.
Chapter 11, Sect. 5
Challenges to Church Power
Innocent III – Height of power of the papacy . . . After his reign
Power of papacy declined
Europe was changing- strong national governments, patriotism, church law
Thought to hinder growth in industry & trade
Introduction of Greco-Roman thought- introduced by Muslims in Spain
& from the Crusades – conflicted with church teachings.
Boniface VIII- felt that church didn’t have to pay taxes, declared supremacy
over temporal rulers. Died shortly after altercation with Philip. Power of
Papacy decreased.
Philip IV- clergy should either pay taxes or obey national laws,
Summoned Estates General, accused pope of simony & heresy. Demanded trial
of Boniface. Sent envoy to Italy to imprison pope, released soon.
Chapter 11, Sect. 6
Challenges to Church Power
Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) – After Boniface’s death,
Philip IV
had his advisor Elected pope, Clement V
•Next six popes were French
•Avignon, France becomes home of the papacy for six popes
The Great Schism (1378-1417) –
•Several popes claiming power each having supporters including
national rulers
•Council of Constance- agreed to one new pope & need for reforms
•Still great differences of opinion by various parties regarding
reforms.
Chapter 11, Sect. 6
Challenges to Church Power
Criticisms continue
Some from within the Church
John Wycliffemember of the clergy, teacher at Oxford Univ.
Criticized wealth of church and pope’s claim to absolute authority
Translated Bible from Latin to English
Jan HusRector at University of Prague
Denounced abuses in church, angered clergy was excommunicated
Tried for heresy , convicted him and had him burned at the stake
Church’s prestige and power had been substantially reduced
Chapter 11, Sect. 6