Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Post-classical history wikipedia , lookup
Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Late Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
History of Christianity during the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
High Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
The High Middle Ages The CrusadesHoly Lands (where Jesus lived and taught) conquered by Saljuq Turks Christian pilgrims attacked & persecuted Turks also threatened Constantinople Byzantine Emperor sought help from Pope Urban II in Rome At the meeting at Clermont Urban calls for a Crusade to regain the Holy Land Those who died on Crusade were promised to go to heaven The 1st Crusade Led by French & Norman nobles, it lasted from 1096–1099 Passed through Constantinople then across Asia Minor toward Palestine Dressed wrong for climate- it was very hot, they had wool, leather & armor Shortage of food & water because they had few pack animals Fortunately Turks were disunited, unable to effectively oppose them Conquered several cities as well as Jerusalem. Crusaders slaughtered inhabitants (Jews & Muslims) Crusaders occupied Jerusalem for nearly 100 years before Turks recaptured it. This was the only truly successful Crusade Chapter 11, Sect. 1 The Crusades 2nd CrusadeBegan in 1147 after Turks recaptured city of Edessa King Louis VII of France & the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led their armies No cooperation, a dismal failure, they returned to Europe in disgrace after 2 yrs. 3rd Crusade- 1189-1192 after Salah al-Din captured city of Jerusalem in 1187 Leaders: King Richard the Lion Heart of England King Philip II of France (turned back after dispute) Emperor Frederick Barbarossa - Holy Roman Empire (drowned crossing stream) 3rd Crusade a failure, had a truce which allowed Pilgrims access to Jerusalem Later CrusadesSeveral later Crusades were attempted, but none successfully Some Crusades were disastrous Chapter 11, Sect. 1 The Crusades Results of the CrusadesMilitarily all except 1st were failures Military knowledge increased – crossbow, siege tactics, use of gunpowder Departure many nobles allowed kings to consolidate power, weaken feudalism EXCHANGE OF IDEAS – re-introduction of classical ideas INTRODUCTION OF NEW PRODUCTS, REVIVAL OF TRADE Rice, sugar, citrus fruit, melons, cotton, many spices THE CRUSADES CHANGED EUROPE FOREVER (turning point in history) Chapter 11, Sect. 1 The Revival of Trade Trade had nearly died out after the Fall of Roman Empire Manor system had develop great self-sufficiency Trade RoutesTrade began to revive in Italy, Towns had not declined as much as elsewhere Favorable location in middle of Mediterranean Its ports were often used by crusaders to leave or re-enter Europe Trade also began to revive in northern Europe via the Vikings Around 1100 large cities became trading centers in Europe European trade routes went from city to city where manufacturing had begun People moved from the manors to the cities Chapter 11, Sect. 2 The Revival of Trade Articles of Trade Crusades had created increase in demand for exotic goods from the East: •spices, medicines, perfumes, dyes, & precious gems •silk, cotton, & linen textile products •gold, silver, & ivory art objects •And much more Europe offered the following for trade: •fur, timber, fish, grain •wine, oil, leather, weapons & armor •metal goods, glassware, fine woolen cloth Markets & FairsVillage market days, religious festivals evolved into fairs exclusively for trade Local rulers offered protection to encourage trade at fairs Used Barter Economy (goods & services exchanged for other goods & services) At large fairs (Champagne, France) money began to be used to make trade easier They also served as a means of sharing news & information (cultural diffusion) Chapter 11, Sect. 2 The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, & Investment Manufacturing systems: •Domestic System- manufacturing the takes place in the workers’ homes Banking •Bank from old Italian word “banca” means “money changers bench” •Exchanged currency, developed “notes” for $ transfer, lent money •Jews were money lenders - Christians forbade charging interest (usury) Investment •Capital- wealth earned, saved, & invested to produce profits •Partnerships formed to pool capital Laid foundation for emergence of Market Economy, •where land, labor, & capital are controlled by individuals •Formed basis of modern capitalist system Chapter 11, Sect. 2 The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople Towns sought their own government: •Some lords allowed charters & governments •Some refused and rights were won by force •Helped destroy feudalism Four Basic Rights •Freedom – no longer bound to the land if officials did not challenge them for a year and a day •Exempt status – residents of towns not required to work on manor •Town Justice – had own courts to try residents •Commercial privileges – right to sell goods free at town market and charge outsiders tolls to trade there Chapter 11, Sect. 3 The Growth of Towns Guilds Medieval merchants united in associations Merchant Guilds: •Gained monopoly on trade in a given area or town •Charged others a fee to trade in their area •Helped members & families Craft Guilds •Includes all people in a particular manufacturing craft •Helped regulate wages & working conditions •Set standards of quality •Developed training system •Apprentice -1st stage of craft training, overseen by master •Journeyman – Skilled artisan, worked for daily wages from a master •Masters – may open own shop & train other artisans Chapter 11, Sect. 3 The Growth of Towns Rise of the Middle Class •A new class including merchants, master workers, and skilled workers •They were called •burgesses in England, •bourgeoisie in France, •burghers in Germany •All from word burg or borough, meaning town •They supported strong central governments as opposed to feudal system Life in a Medieval Town •9 of 10 were smaller than 2,000 •Usually located in a defensible position (hilltops, bend of river, etc.) •Close packed buildings, 5-6 stories high •Narrow garbage & sewage filled streets •Sickness & epidemics common •Still a very busy, interesting place Chapter 11, Sect. 3 Life & Culture in the Middle Ages Language & Literature •Educated people cont’d speaking & writing in Latin after fall of roman Empire •The common people spoke a variety of local languages (vernacular) •Eventually writers began writing in the vernacular. •Troubadours (traveling singers) wrote & sang ballads of Chivalry & love in the vernacular •Drama was also written & performed in the vernacular •Two of greatest authors who wrote in the vernacular, were •Dante Alighieri – Italian, wrote in native tongue of Tuscany, which became basis for Italian – greatest work – “Divine Comedy” •Geoffrey Chaucer – English, wrote “The Canterbury Tales,” series of stories Based on pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Thomas Beckett Education •Very few people were educated (usually come clergy & a few nobility) •Eventually schools were established for higher learning •Students & teachers formed a guild called a universitas (later became universities) Chapter 11, Sect. 4 Life & Culture in the Middle Ages Philosophy •Roman & Greek Classics introduced to Europe via Muslims in Spain. •Scholars attempt to reconcile classical ideas with Church doctrine (Scholasticism) •Peter Abelard – scholastic philosopher – questioned conflicting doctrines •Thomas Aquinas – Dominican Friar, greatest Medieval philosopher, wrote “Summa Theologiae” a summary of Christian thought Science •Attempted to justify Church doctrines. •Only two subjects received serious attention, math & optics •Studied practical application of mechanical knowledge •Some experimentation done in monasteries )Mendelssohn - genetics Chapter 11, Sect. 4 Life & Culture in the Middle Ages Art & Architecture •Most art dedicated to glorifying God. •Most architects stayed with Roman (Romanesque) styles •Heavy thick walls – small windows – rounded arches – very dark interiors •Mid 1100’s different style emerged – “Gothic” •Thinner walls – large windows – pointed arches – flying buttresses – light inside •Exemplified change (hinted of the coming Renaissance) •The poor still lived in wood with mud covered huts with thatched roofs. Chapter 11, Sect. 4 Wars & the Growth of Nations England •Patriotism – feeling of loyalty or belonging to a country as a whole •Power of the king increased even though limited by Parliament •Professional army eliminated dependence on vassals •Villages grew as power of the Lords declined •fewer serfs, more free peasants •A single court system developed, giving legal control to monarchy •Parliament grew stronger by controlling any extraordinary taxes The Hundred Years War •Series of conflicts with France from 1337 - 1453 •Edward III because he held Aquitaine & Gascony, was vassal to French King •When last male heir Capetian Dynasty passed, Edward claimed French throne •HUNDRED YEARS war harder on France because it was fought in France Chapter 11, Sect. 5 Chapter 11, Sect. 5 Wars & the Growth of Nations New Weapons •Longbow – English. 200 yd effective range, ended effective use of mounted knights •Gunpowder was used increasingly as an explosive and propellant •Use of cannons – used to batter down castles during sieges. •Castles no longer effective protection The War of the Roses (1455-1485) •Struggle for throne- between Lancasters & Yorks •Henry Tudor emerged victorious (become Henry VII) •Henry established a strong monarchy Wars & the Growth of Nations France •Joan of Arc – 16yr old peasant girl had vision from saints told her to help defend city of Orleans. Inspired army to save city. Church tried her as a heretic, burned her at stake. Considered a martyr & church later made her a saint. The Estates General•1302 established by Philip IV •First Estate – Clergy •Second Estate – Nobles •Third Estate – Common people •During 100 years wars controlled finances & lawmaking Chapter 11, Sect. 5 Wars & the Growth of Nations Spain •Ferdinand & Isabella – married joined their separate kingdoms (Aragon & Castile) against the Moors (Muslims). Captured Navarre & Granada to create a unified county – Spain. Ordered all Jews to become Christians or leave Spain. Holy Roman Empire •Germanic Area & Peninsula – initially loose group of smaller states, elected Holy Roman Emperor who had little real power. Over time Habsburg Family consolidated power by a clever use of political intermarriage between member countries. Countries of Germany & Italy did not surface as unified states until the 1800’s. Chapter 11, Sect. 5 Challenges to Church Power Innocent III – Height of power of the papacy . . . After his reign Power of papacy declined Europe was changing- strong national governments, patriotism, church law Thought to hinder growth in industry & trade Introduction of Greco-Roman thought- introduced by Muslims in Spain & from the Crusades – conflicted with church teachings. Boniface VIII- felt that church didn’t have to pay taxes, declared supremacy over temporal rulers. Died shortly after altercation with Philip. Power of Papacy decreased. Philip IV- clergy should either pay taxes or obey national laws, Summoned Estates General, accused pope of simony & heresy. Demanded trial of Boniface. Sent envoy to Italy to imprison pope, released soon. Chapter 11, Sect. 6 Challenges to Church Power Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) – After Boniface’s death, Philip IV had his advisor Elected pope, Clement V •Next six popes were French •Avignon, France becomes home of the papacy for six popes The Great Schism (1378-1417) – •Several popes claiming power each having supporters including national rulers •Council of Constance- agreed to one new pope & need for reforms •Still great differences of opinion by various parties regarding reforms. Chapter 11, Sect. 6 Challenges to Church Power Criticisms continue Some from within the Church John Wycliffemember of the clergy, teacher at Oxford Univ. Criticized wealth of church and pope’s claim to absolute authority Translated Bible from Latin to English Jan HusRector at University of Prague Denounced abuses in church, angered clergy was excommunicated Tried for heresy , convicted him and had him burned at the stake Church’s prestige and power had been substantially reduced Chapter 11, Sect. 6