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Warm-Up • “To know the laws means not to accept the words, but their meaning and significance.” – Justinian Unit 4: Post Classical Era: 600-1450 AD Byzantine Empire • 340-1453 AD • Originally the Eastern part of Roman Empire. • Capital city- Constantinople • Great Emperor, Justinian wanted to restore Roman glory. • Conflicts with East and West Christian Church split church leadership. East vs. West • Language: – East-Greek – West-Latin • Byzantines view West as barbarians • Western Romans viewed East as sneaky and liars. The Christian Church • EAST- The Eastern Orthodox Church Christian Church. – Patriarch of Constantinople, highest church official, appointed by Emperor. – Emperor was supreme leader of church • WEST- Roman Catholic Church. Pope head of church The Great Schism • The official splitting up of the Church between Eastern Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics • In 1054, the Pope excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople. – Excommunication- banning someone from being a member of the church. Clash of Churches • Icon- a holy picture of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or the saints. • Iconoclast- the belief that having icons in church was the same as worshipping idols. • Both churches did not like icons, however, they were for people who could not read. Justinian • Byzantine Emperor from 527-565 AD • Justinian Code- law code of Byzantine Empire that cover marriage, crime, property, and slavery. • Preserved Roman idea that people should be ruled by laws rather than whims of leaders. Warm-Up • What is the name of the new Empire that was once part of the eastern part of the Roman Empire? • REMEMBER TO WRITE THE WHOLE QUESTION!!! After Justinian • Constant wars with Persians, Germanic tribes, Slavs, Muslim Empire and others lost lands of the empire • The Ottoman Turks came into Asia Minor and capture Constantinople in 1453 AD, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. The Rise of Islam • Started in the Arabian Peninsula • Muhammad- Prophet, born in Mecca about 570 AD. • Founded Islam around 610 AD. – Islam means submission to [the will of] God. • Qur’an- (Koran)- holy book, the word of God as revealed to Muhammad. • Muslims- followers of Islam Islam • Five Pillars- the basic acts of Islam 1. Shahadah- declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God’s messenger 2. Salat- ritual prayer 5 times a day 3. Sawm- fasting and self-control during Ramadan 4. Zakat- giving 2.5% of savings to poor and needy 5. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. Cont… • Mosques- temples for worship. – No furniture, only mats or rugs – Do no contain images of people or animals • Jihad- the struggle to defend the faith. – some believe that any one who died in the struggle will be rewarded in heaven The Spread of Islam • Caliph- successor of the Prophet. – Abu Bakr- took over after Muhammad – Umar- took over after Abu Bakr • Muslims were religiously tolerant. – Accepted Christians and Jews – When taking lands, convert to Islam or pay a high tax. – Peace agreements made w/o battles Islam Divided • • • • • Caliph Uthman was murdered Ali was chosen as new caliph 661 AD, Ali was assassinated Mu’awiyah was chosen as new caliph Supporters of Ali thought his son should be new caliph – Sunni- supporters of Mu’awiyah as caliph – Shi’ah- supporters of Ali’s descendants as caliphs. Warm-Up • What are the basic acts of Islam called? –Hint: It’s a number Islamic Empire • Ottoman Empire- came from Turkish Muslims and controlled much of Anatolia/Asia Minor (Turkey). • Sultanates- the supreme leaders of Ottoman Society. – Mehmed II- conquered Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul. • Suleiman the Magnificent- expanded the empire. – Called “Lawgiver” by his people. Islamic Contributions • Geography- charted maps that were used until 1600 AD • Mathematics- took India’s concept of “zero” and added 9 other numbers. World now uses the “Arabic” numbers 0-9. – Also introduced Algebra from the word Al-jabr meaning restoring Cont… • The Artsforbidden to use images of people, animals, and images of God. Used geometric and floral designs instead. Invasion of Europe • Islam makes its way to Europe in 711 AD • The Moors- invade Spain and conquer quickly-make way to France. • The Franks beat the Moors at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. • The Moors occupy Spain for nearly 700 years. • Christians fight back The Rise of the Middle Ages • Middle Ages-AKA-Medieval Ages/Dark Ages • Time frame 400-1500 AD • Germanic tribes plunder Europe, creating small kingdoms. • Citizens in Rome leave city for country side The Rise of the Franks • Clovis became Frankish ruler in 481 AD, established the Merovingian line of rulers. – After death, kingdom divided by his sons • Pepin The Short became ruler in 751 AD, established the Carolingian line of rulers. – Because he helped get rid of the Lombard Germanic tribe, the Pope favored Pepin and his successors. Warm-Up • What is the term used for the successor of the Prophet? Book Assignment • Pages 240-242: – Question 4: A-C • Pages 243-247 – Question 4: A & B • Pages 248-253 – Question 4: A-C Warm-Up • What is the name of the battle in the year 732 that stopped the advancement of Muslims into Europe? Charlemagne • Son of Pepin, became ruler in 768 AD. • United all Frankish tribes into one Frankish kingdom. • Pushed back Muslims from advancing into Europe. • On Christmas Day, 800 AD, Pope Leo III crowned him Holy Roman Emperor. Invasion of Vikings • Vikings- “Norsemen”, Germanic peoples from Scandinavia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden. – Raided and plundered Europe. – Converted to Christianity • Settled quarrels between tribes in Europe. Feudalism • Political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services. Feudal System Structure • Lord- a noble, usually the king, who grants land to lesser nobles. • The grant of land is known as a fief • The person who received the fief is called a vassal. Feudal System Structure cont… • The vassal could split the land and give it to knights, a military person who was honored by a noble. – Lived by a code of Chivalry- a code of conduct that dictated a knight’s behavior towards others. • Lands granted to vassals would be passed from father to son. – This system of inheritance is known as primogeniture. The Manorial System • Manor- a giant estate of land. Has a castle, farming fields, church, mill and housing. • Manorialism- economic system that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared lands. • Peasants were called serfs. They could not leave the land w/o permission from their lords. Three-Field System • Crop rotation used to keep the soil fertile and not over used. • Field A would be used only during Autumn for wheat and rye. • Field B would be used for everything else • Field C was left alone to regain nutrients. • Rotation- Field A is used for everything, Field B is left alone and Field C is used in Autumn. Warm-Up • What is the system of inheritance called when land is passed from father to son(s)? The Church • Monasticism- way of life in convents and monasteries where nuns and monks withdraw from the world and its temptations. • Monasteries- where monks would live to worship. No women. • Convents- where nuns would live to worship. No men. The Christian Clergy • Secular Clergy- priests, bishops and the Pope.- People who preached • Regular Clergy- Monks.- People who follow the rules. • Saint Patrick- brought Christianity to Ireland in 432 AD. • Saint Augustine- led group of monks to England. Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, the center of the Christian Church in England. Political Role • The church had it’s on laws called canon laws, laws based off teachings from the Bible. • The church could excommunicate someone, essentially kicking them out of society. • No one could question the church on the basic principles of religion. • People who denied the truth of the church’s principles or who preached beliefs not approved by the church were considered heretics. Church Tensions Rise • In early 1200s, people start turning against the church’s authority. • The church launched a reform and sent out the Inquisition in search of heretics. • Heretics captured if confessed sins would pay a fine. Either money or service • Heretics captured that did not confess would be punished through slavery or execution. England vs. France • In Europe before the 1000s, kings and lord often struggled for power. • Edward the Confessor- king of England, 1042. Part Anglo-Saxon (English). Part Norman (French). • After his death, Duke William of Normandy, a distant relative, claims English throne. Warm-Up • People who preached beliefs not approved by the church were called what? England vs. France cont… • Anglos don’t like this claim, believe that Edward’s bro-n-law, Harold, should be king. • William builds up army and crosses English Channel. William the Conqueror • Defeats Harold at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. • Becomes King William I of England • William ruled England from 1066-1087. England after William • William’s successors try to add new rules and laws. • Nobles get upset with the actions of these successor kings. • Revolt between the king and the nobles break out in 1215. King John • Demanded more taxes from nobles to pay for his wars in France. • Nobles rise up and force him to accept the Magna Carta. – It granted rights and protection to the nobles from the king’s abuses of power. Parliament • Nobles and middle class got together to actions against the king in 1260s. • These two classes decided on representatives to make negotiations with the king. • English Parliament- split into two houses. – House of Lords- nobles and clergy – House of Commons- knights and middle class citizens. Gain of Power • State governments in France & England gain more power. – Loss of Church authority The Holy Roman Empire • Clashes between Germany and Italy took place around 1050s. • Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII – Pope called German people to rebel against Henry IV. • *The nation of the Holy Roman Empire established by an uneasy alliance between Roman Catholic Church and German Italian nobles. Warm-Up • What is the name of the document signed by King John in 1215? Book Assignment • Chapter 13 Review: Page 314 • Identifying People and Ideas – Identify the terms • Understanding Main Ideas – Answer all questions in Sections 1-5 • Write in complete sentences • Incomplete sentences, no credit • *Due today, 11/5/2014 at the end of class. Warm-Up • What is the name of the Empire created by the Roman Catholic Church and German/Italian nobles? The Crusades • Late 1000s, Islamic Turks take control of Palestine, “the Holy Land”. – Jerusalem, Antioch, Damascus • Pope Urban II called for all capable knights to fight in the name of God to take back the lands. • The Crusades- a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land. First Crusade • • • • Lasted from 1096-1099 Mostly French and Italians Successfully capture Jerusalem Established European control over the Holy Lands for 100 years. • Turks eventually win back lands Second Crusade • In 1147, French and German crusaders try to take back Holy Land. • They are defeated by the Turks. Third Crusade • 1187, Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem. • Armies led by French, Germans and English launch attack on Saladin. – King Richard 1 of England • Richard the Lionheart • Crusade lasted from 1189-1192. • It failed. Fourth Crusades • Pope Innocent III sends French crusaders in 1202. • Venetians talk crusaders to attack their trade enemy at the city of Zadar. • Pope Innocent III excommunicates these crusaders because Zadar is a Christian city. Results • Main goal- take back the Holy Land for Christians. – Failed! • Lords sold land to fight in crusades, most died. – Leaves King with more land = more power. • *Re-opened trade routes in Mediterranean. Especially in Italy. – New ideas reached Europeans from Muslims Warm-Up • The series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Lands are known as what? Warm-Up • What nation/country was created during the reign of Charlemagne?