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Rise of Europe
Medieval/Dark Ages
600-1450 AD
Results of the fall of Rome
Invaders
overrun the old empire: (Mongols,
Huns, Franks, Goths, etc.)
Inflation
People turn to the Church and local lords
(nobles) for protection.
The development of Feudalism.
Why is it called the dark ages?
 Trade
is disrupted and money is scarce due to
invasions so businesses and economic centers
collapse.
 Downfall of cities as administration centers.
 Rural populations grow as cities are abandoned.
 Decline of learning since Germanic invaders
cannot read or write.
 Loss of common language (Latin).
 Government is not so much written law but
tradition.
Feudalism
Definition:
The system of political
organization prevailing in Europe (9th-15th
century). Based on the idea of lords
granting parcels of land known as fiefs to
lesser knights who are known as vassals,
who in turn, provide military service to the
lord
Simply: land and service in exchange for
protection
This
system was brought upon due to the
fact that Rome leaving left a lack of
stability.
People wanted protection against invaders.
This of course means Knights!!!
Manorialism
Definition:
smallest economic social unit
revolving around an estate, controlled by a
lord, who gives land and protection to his
serfs, who in turn give him their services.
Manors
were self sufficient since serfs
raised and produced nearly everything
needed in the community.
Open field system allowed for several
families to work on same parcel of land.
They were useful since trade was
dangerous with the invaders.
They were modeled after Roman villas that
had operated similarly.
Drawback
 Serf
life was horrible.
 Not allowed to marry with put permission form
lord.
 Could not leave the manor
 Starved often
 Had many kids to have more workers.
 Average age of death was in the 30’s
 Slept with animals in house to keep warm
 Very close to being considered slaves (could not
be bought or sold)
The Church in the Middle Ages
Growth toward power
 Rome
used to be unified under one empire.
When it collapsed their was a need to stability
 The church filled this void.
 Kings had manors and rural territories all over
Europe.
 However, they were all Catholic and therefore all
answered to the Pope in Rome.
 In
Western Europe Christian=Catholic and no
other choices existed
 Missionaries
spread the faith
 People are unified by the common shared belief
of Christianity.
 The middle ages are often referred to as “The
Age of Faith”
 The church creates a system of justice (Canon
Law) to regulate peoples conduct
 They also appoint Charlemagne as Emperor
Charlemagne 742- 814
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Tall for his day 6Ft 4 in.
Was king of a group that were known as the
Franks
They would eventually become modern day
Frenchman
He was a devout Catholic and close to the
church in Rome
He fought the muslim Moors in the south to
keep them out of Europe
He fought the Saxons in the north to keep them
out as well
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The Pope in Rome Leo III was threatened by
the Roman emperor. They tried to cut out his
eyes and tongue.
 He escaped and went to France to get
Charlemagne’s help.
 Charlemagne went with an army to Italy and
was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire.
 This set up the connection between the Catholic
church and the Kings of Europe
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Church at the Local Level
The church was the center of the community.
 Basically all hospitals are run by the church.
 all festival and social gatherings were centered
around the church.
 Average life was so bad that Heaven was a
sought after release.
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The Great Schism 1054 AD
 This
is what divides Eastern and Western
churches in to Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox
 You also have 2 popes claiming authority.
 One pope is in Avignon France and the other is in
Rome. Both Excommunicate (banish from
church) the other.
 You
also have John Wycliff and Jan Huss
Challenge the Pope’s authority.
 Wycliff: God is sole authority
 Huss: Bible higher authority than Pope
 Thomas Aquinas: (1225-1274) “Truth is reason
and faith”
 This
will eventually lead to the big challenge to
the Pope during the Reformation (this is a later
chapter )
High Middle Ages
1050
- 1450
England
Was ruled by Angles, Saxons, and Vikings.
 Duke William of Normandy (North
France) Who was a Viking wanted the
throne.
 Became known as William the
Conqueror
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William and England
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Had a census called
“Doomsday Book”
that documented all
castles, living areas,
and population.
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Set up great tax
collecting system
and treasury.
Henry II / England
Set up common law system to challenge
Feudal Religious Courts.
 Had conflict with Church about church
power vs. Royal power.

John / England
Henry II’s son
 Raised taxes, lost French lands in
Normandy (France)
 Had to pay yearly fee to Rome to avoid
interdict and excommunication.
 Forced by Angered Nobles to sign Magna
Carta.
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Magna Carta 1215
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Affirmed rights of nobles, Church, and
townspeople
“Due Process of Law” (All are protected and
treated fairly by law)
No One above the Law
No raising taxes without consoling lords and
clergy, later became Parliament.
Overtime noble rights became everyone’s rights
Monarch and Nobility must obey law
Later Parliament had to approve funds for war
France
Started with weak king but slowly
increased power and expanded land
 King Louis IX was very generous,
religious, kind, & well liked. After his
death he was made a saint.
 Philip IV disagreed with pope and sent
people after him. Pope died from injuries.
New pope was French and moved head of
church to France
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Roman Empire & Church
Roman Emperors & Popes fought for
power constantly
 Emperor used to appoint Bishops and
clergy. Later Popes got that right.
 Pope claimed supremacy of all religious
affairs. Said he was “Between God and
Man and could judge all and be judged by
no one”
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Crusades
To take back holy land, Jerusalem, from
Muslim control.
 4 crusades all together.
 First Crusade achieved holy land but soon
lost it to Muslim ruler Salah al-Din
(Saladin) but he allowed Christian Pilgrims
to holy land.
 All other Crusades failed and they ended
up just looting and fighting each other.
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Children’s Crusade 1212
1000s of kids and teens decided that they
could march to Jerusalem with the power
of God. They believed that they were less
sinful than the men fighting so God would
give them power.
 They made it to Italy but ½ died and
others were forced into slavery.
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Effects
Increased trade of spices and exploration
 Weakened Royal and Papal power.
 Eastern world was realized and it inspired
explorers like Marco Polo.
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Crisis: Black Death
Bubonic Plague / Black Death: Killed 1/3
of Europe!
 Society and economy hurt by plague.
 Monarial system starts to fall apart as
peasants leave and revolt.
 Catholic Church began to split in ideology
and lose power since prayer did not stop
plague.
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100 Years War
England & France fought over Normandy
 English were winning in beginning
 Joan of Arc inspired French troops. She
led fight but was caught by English and
burned at stake for witchcraft. Later made
a saint
 Cannons were beginning to be used and
made armored knights and castles
obsolete.
 France won the war
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100 yr war continued
Monarchs become national leaders in
England and France
 England has unrest after war. They have
the War of the Roses: 2 Families fought
for control of England. In the end the
Tudor (Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, etc.) takes
over
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York
-Lancaster
100 Yr War Continued:
King Edward III wanted to raise taxes
to pay for the W. of the R.
 This led Parliament gains power since it
controls the money that the king wants.
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Muslim Invasion
Moors: occupy Spain for over 700 years.
It promotes an age of science and art.
 They create the state of al-Andalus.
 In 732 the Franks at Tours stop the
advancement into the rest of Europe.
 By 1100 the Cordoba region had a mix of
Muslim, Christian, and Jewish people.
Pop: 500,000.
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Cont:
Reconquista drives out Muslims in late
1400’s
 Eastern Europe is still controlled from 600900 AD
 Spanish inquisition tortures Jews,
Muslims, and other Non-Christian groups.
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