Download The Crusades

The Greeks
• Socrates
– Asking questions…why?
• Plato (Neo-Platonism)
– Questions types of government
– Claims “pure” democracy is bad
• Aristotle (Aristolian Logic)
– Well rounded, studies many things including
government, language, astronomy
Alexander the Great
• Daddy conquers Greek City States
– Athens, Sparta, etc.
• Alex tries to make daddy proud, but daddy
shuns him because he has a high pitched
girly voice
• Alexander tries to take over the known
world..almost does.
• Spreads culture “Helenism”
Rome
• Romulus and Remus
• Very powerful empire
• Republic
– Elected their representatives (Senate)
• Falls in 476 C.E…..
Dark / Middle Ages
• Generally the period after the fall of Rome
until the beginning of the Renaissance.
• 500 – 1300
• St. Augustine
– Church should be BOTH temporal and
spiritual leader of the people
– Church takes a strong place within all forms of
government
– City of God
Thomas Aquinas
• “Summa Theologica”
– Synthesizes faith and logic/reason of Greece
and Rome
• Scholasticism
– Educational philosophy that focuses on the
classics yet integrates all information within
ones faith
– Learn through rote memorization of the
classics
The Crusades
1100 AD
Turks controlled the Holy Land
Pope Urban II
• Asked by the Eastern
Orthodox leaders to
come help
• 1095 asked for help
from the people of
Europe
Pope’s Goals
• Take back the Holy Land
• Gain power as Christian
leader
• Reunite Orthodox and
Catholic Church
Crusade Definition:
• Series of military
campaigns started
originally by the Popes.
• Hoped to gain back the
Holy Land from the
Muslims.
Knight’s Goals
• 50,000-60,000 Knights became crusaders
• Religious zeal, die and go to heaven
• Win glory in battle
• Plunder available, get rich
First Crusade 1097 A.D
Europeans from all areas
1099 – captured
Jerusalem
Crusaders kill everyone in
the city
Every Muslim, Jew, and
Orthodox Christian is
killed
What next?
• Soldiers go home, leave behind a small
force
• Muslim Turks counter attack and take
back Holy Land
• Pope calls for another crusade
• And so on, and so on, and so on for over
200 years!!!!
Rise of the Merchants
• Crusaders need supplies
• Northern Italian port cities became home
to new merchant class
– Loaned goods and services for a profit
– Charged to transport armies
– Gain control of key trade routes
Results of the Crusades?
• Pope and church loses power
• People begin to focus on the “now”
• Merchants in Italy get rich
• Rise in
religious intolerance
The Black Plague 1347
• People died of “bubos” puss filled pockets
all over their body
• Spread initially by rats (fleas)on ships,
then person to person
• Killed equally no matter rich or poor, holy
or unholy (1in 3 die)
• Again, people began to focus on the “now”
• But hey, at least it helped the economy!
– Jobs everywhere!!!!!
100 Year War (1337-1453)
• King of France dies
• King of England, Edward III says he’s got
next!
• France, amazingly, finds a law that says
the title can only be passed through the
male bloodline (Salic Law)
• Edward is also a vassal to French King
100 Years Cont’d
• England wins early and often
– Crecy and Agincourt
• Joan of Arc
– Teen girl decides to lead the war against
England after visions and talks w/ Angels
– “Dauphin” – future king of France
– France slowly pushes England out
The Great Schism (1377-1417)
• Popes begin to live in France (Avignon),
not Rome
• France holds power over the Popes
– Keep electing French Popes
• Pope takes a trip to Rome and dies!
• People of Rome demand they choose new
Pope in Rome
– Preferably an Italian one!!!!
The Great Schism cont’d
• Cardinals elect crazy Urban VI
• Urban starts to complain about Cardinals
and wants reform
• Cardinals decide to just go elect another
Pope in France
– Clement VII
– That’s 2 Popes at once!
Conciliar Movement
• Movement to create a council that works
with Pope on church matters
• 1324 Marsiglio – “Defensor Pacis”
• 1414-1418 Council of Constance
– Vote in a new Pope, Martin V, and tell the
others they are not Pope
– Martin V ends the council and conciliar
movement