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Byzantine Empire Byzantine Basics • Continuation of Eastern portion of the Roman Empire (the West fell in 476 to Germanic invasions) • Ruled by caesaropapist ruler (combining secular and religious authority in one person) Compare and Contrast: The West (Europe) v. Byzantines • West = breakdown of Roman society, law, custom, language • Byzantine East = retain Roman laws, customs, urban-centered life, & Greek language • Both = Christian, BUT – Great Schism = 1054; final division between Eastern Orthodox (led by patriarch) and Roman Catholic (led by pope) Christianity Byzantine Achievements • Capital at Constantinople = very cosmopolitan • Hagia Sophia Cathedral (“Scared Wisdom”) • Emperor Justinian (500s CE): “The Lawgiver” (systematically compiled Roman Law); re-conquered parts of Italy & N. Africa in Western Rome (draining the economy, unfortunately!) • Empress Theordora- Co-Leader? • Art = Religious Icons • Converted Russia to Orthodox Christianity Byzantium Under Pressure • Invaded by Abbasid Islamic forces in late 600’s • Strong gov’t control of economy (capital enriched at expense of rural areas) • Conquered in 1453 by Ottoman Turks (Central Asians converted to Islam) The Middle Ages: 476-1450 Europe in the 500s CE Effects of the Roman Empire’s Collapse -Population reduced by over 25% -Lack of centralization in government – strong local elites took control of smaller areas - Christianity provided limited unity throughout Europe - New Germanic rulers of disunited kingdoms tried to retain some aspects of Rome (they admired it!) - Germanic people become the “dominant peoples” The Medieval Catholic Church Roman Catholic church filled the vacuum of the collapse of Roman Empire Monasticism: monks & nuns living together in organized communities poverty, chastity, and obedience. provided schools monasteries = inns, hospitals, refuge libraries & copying books- seen as a religious calling monks missionaries A Medieval Monk’s Day The Power of the Medieval Church church controlled 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. tithe 1/10 tax given to the church. Canon law: The Law of the Church Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800 -First in western Europe to have the title emperor in over 300 years -Symbolizes the papal authority over secular authority -Charlemagne used the church and authorities to accomplish Christianization -Europe briefly experienced some unity under his rule The Government Structure of Medieval Western Europe Feudalism • A political and social system based on loyalty, land, and military service. -Occurs due to weakness in the centralized government - As central authority breaks down, people look to local leaders for protection 90% Serf: Landless peasant who offers labor in exchange for protection Fief: A grant of land in return for a pledge to provide military service The Economic System of Medieval Western Europe Manorialism • A localized economic system • Needed products were made on a large land estate called a Manor • Barter was common • Trade was not as prominent Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work The Late Middle Ages -Increasing stability and security in Western Europe -Climate change (warmer!) -Population grew from 35 million people to 80 million people by 1340 -Growth of trade due to agricultural expansion Changes During the Late Middle Ages • Populations of cities and towns grew • New sources of power (wind & water) increased production • Trade picked up in the Mediterranean • Groups of people organized themselves into guilds • Nunnerys Medieval Guilds Guild Halls Associations of Craftsmen controlling trades (ex: shoe makers, stained glass makers, etc.) Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product & prices • The Pope can be judged by no one • The Roman church has never erred and never will err till the end of time • The pope alone can depose and restore bishops • He alone can call general councils and authorize canon law • He can depose emperors • He can absolve subjects from their allegiance • All princes should kiss his feet Popes vs. Kings • Relationship between the Church and State became more tense as Kings began to centralize control • Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV of France (HRE) • Investiture Controversy – Issues over appointments – Papacy over the crown? Magna Carta, 1215: ENGLAND English Kings had the most difficulty centralizing control “Great Charter” kings had to consult a council of advisors to tax Rights of NOBILTY Christian Crusades Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade -Series of “Holy Wars” with a goal to recapture the Holy Lands (E. Mediterranean) from Muslims -Viewed as being done at God’s command and authorized by the Pope -Results: Europe came into contact with more advanced civilizations to the East, trade picked up, more luxury goods flowed into Europe Feudalism Structure