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Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Evolutionary trends among organisms within the Kingdom Animalia What is an animal? • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Lack cell walls Vertebrate – Backbone • Invertebrate – No Backbone Evolutionary Trends in Animals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Development Symmetry Segments Cephalization Coelom (body cavity) Development • Gametes (sex cells) – Unite to form Zygote • Blastula – Zygote that has divided and began to hollow out • Protosome – Mouth develops first • Deuterostome – Anus develops first Germ Layers of Development 1. Endoderm – inner layer • Leads to development of digestive and respiratory system 2. Mesoderm – middle layer • Leads to development of muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems Germ Layers of Development 3. Ectoderm – outer layer • Leads to development of sense organs, nerves, and skin • Cells in each layer can be traced to later development • Implication Stem Cell Treatment Symmetry Types of Symmetry 1. Radial • body parts arranged around a central point 2. Bilateral • divided into 2 equal halves Symmetry Symmetry Terms 1. Anterior – towards head 2. Posterior – towards bottom 3. Ventral – towards front 4. Dorsal – towards back Identify the Symmetry Terms Front Segments and Cephalization • Segmentation – Repeating body segments – More important for invertebrates • Cephalization – Concentration of sense organs and nerves at front of animal Coelom • Coelom – Fluid filled body cavity that houses internal organs – Acoelomate – no body cavity (simple animals) – Coelomate – true body cavity (complex animals) Coelom No Coelom Internal Organ Coelom in Humans Importance of Evolutionary Trends Evolutionary Trend Protostome or Deuterostome Importance More complex animals are deuterostomes Specialized cells and organs (ie. Observed in complex animals circulatory, respiratory, etc) Cephalization Can responds and react to surroundings better Segmentation Allows invertebrates in increase in size Coelom Allows for space for specialized organs Invertebrates -vs- Vertebrates Evolutionary Trends in Invertebrates Echinoderms Annelids Chordates Arthropods Mollusks Radial Symmetry Roundworms Flatworms Pseudocoelom Cnidarians Radial Symmetry Sponges Tissues Multicellularity Single-celled ancestor Deuterostome Development Three Germ Layers; Bilateral Symmetry Coelom Protostome Development Evolutionary Trends in Invertebrates 1. Feeding and Digestion 2. Circulation 3. Movement and Support Feeding and Digestions 1. Intracellular Digestions • • Individual cells break down material and it diffuses to other cells Usually only 1 opening Feeding and Digestion 2. Extracellular Digestions • • Digestive system responsible for breaking down food, not individual cells 2 openings Circulation 1. Open System • • Blood is partially contained Observed in Arthropods and mollusks Circulation 2. Closed System • • Heat or “heartlike” organ pumps blood through vessels Larger, more active animals Movement and Support 1. Hydrostatic Skeleton • • Use fluid force to move body parts Worms 2. Exoskeleton • • Hard covering Spiders 3. Endoskeleton • • Support found on inside the body Sea stars Movement and Support THE END